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Related papers: The Three Ghosts of Medical AI: Can the Black-Box …

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The capabilities of artificial intelligence systems have been advancing to a great extent, but these systems still struggle with failure modes, vulnerabilities, and biases. In this paper, we study the current state of the field, and present…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Xingli Fang , Jianwei Li , Varun Mulchandani , Jung-Eun Kim

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into medicine is remarkable, offering advanced diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities. However, the inherent opacity of complex AI models presents significant challenges to their clinical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Binbin Wen , Yihang Wu , Tareef Daqqaq , Ahmad Chaddad

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly of tremendous interest in the medical field. However, failures of medical AI could have serious consequences for both clinical outcomes and the patient experience. These consequences could erode…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Thomas P. Quinn , Manisha Senadeera , Stephan Jacobs , Simon Coghlan , Vuong Le

Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly transformed various sectors, including healthcare, where it holds the potential to revolutionize clinical practice and improve patient outcomes. However, its integration into medical settings brings…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Ellison B. Weiner , Irene Dankwa-Mullan , William A. Nelson , Saeed Hassanpour

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) plays an indispensable role in demystifying the decision-making processes of AI, especially within the healthcare industry. Clinicians rely heavily on detailed reasoning when making a diagnosis,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Anna Stubbin , Thompson Chyrikov , Jim Zhao , Christina Chajo

The opaqueness of many complex machine learning algorithms is often mentioned as one of the main obstacles to the ethical development of artificial intelligence (AI). But what does it mean for an algorithm to be opaque? Highly complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Andrés Páez

Large language models have proliferated across multiple domains in as short period of time. There is however hesitation in the medical and healthcare domain towards their adoption because of issues like factuality, coherence, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Muhammad Aurangzeb Ahmad , Ilker Yaramis , Taposh Dutta Roy

Computer Vision, and hence Artificial Intelligence-based extraction of information from images, has increasingly received attention over the last years, for instance in medical diagnostics. While the algorithms' complexity is a reason for…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Christian Meske , Enrico Bunde

Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare has led to many promising developments; however, increasingly, AI research is funded by the private sector leading to potential trade-offs between benefits to patients and benefits to industry.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Rina Khan , Annabelle Sauve , Imaan Bayoumi , Amber L. Simpson , Catherine Stinson

The recent boom of large language models (LLMs) has re-ignited the hope that artificial intelligence (AI) systems could aid medical diagnosis. Yet despite dazzling benchmark scores, LLM assistants have yet to deliver measurable improvements…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Matthew JY Kang , Wenli Yang , Monica R Roberts , Byeong Ho Kang , Charles B Malpas

Machine learning (ML), artificial intelligence (AI) and other modern statistical methods are providing new opportunities to operationalize previously untapped and rapidly growing sources of data for patient benefit. Whilst there is a lot of…

This paper provides empirical concerns about post-hoc explanations of black-box ML models, one of the major trends in AI explainability (XAI), by showing its lack of interpretability and societal consequences. Using a representative…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Jean-Marie John-Mathews

Artificial Intelligence has emerged as a useful aid in numerous clinical applications for diagnosis and treatment decisions. Deep neural networks have shown same or better performance than clinicians in many tasks owing to the rapid…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-05 Zohaib Salahuddin , Henry C Woodruff , Avishek Chatterjee , Philippe Lambin

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in medical diagnostics is often hindered by model opacity, where high-accuracy systems function as "black boxes" without transparent reasoning. This limitation is critical in clinical…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-23 Pascal Passigan , Vayd Ramkumar

Artificial Intelligence is providing astonishing results, with medicine being one of its favourite playgrounds. In a few decades, computers may be capable of formulating diagnoses and choosing the correct treatment, while robots may perform…

Machine learning (ML) systems are vulnerable to performance decline over time due to dataset shift. To address this problem, experts often suggest that ML systems should be regularly updated to ensure ongoing performance stability. Some…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Joshua Hatherley

Throughout history, a prevailing paradigm in mental healthcare has been one in which distressed people may receive treatment with little understanding around how their experience is perceived by their care provider, and in turn, the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Sachin R. Pendse , Darren Gergle , Rachel Kornfield , Kaylee Kruzan , David Mohr , Jessica Schleider , Jina Suh , Annie Wescott , Jonah Meyerhoff

Advancements in machine learning have fuelled the popularity of using AI decision algorithms in procedures such as bail hearings (Feller et al. 2016), medical diagnoses (Rajkomar et al. 2018; Esteva et al. 2019) and recruitment (Heilweil…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Bram Vaassen

AI-driven medical predictions with trustworthy confidence are essential for ensuring the responsible use of AI in healthcare applications. The growing capabilities of AI raise questions about their trustworthiness in healthcare,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Ubaid Azam , Imran Razzak , Shelly Vishwakarma , Hakim Hacid , Dell Zhang , Shoaib Jameel

Artificial intelligence (AI) generally and machine learning (ML) specifically demonstrate impressive practical success in many different application domains, e.g. in autonomous driving, speech recognition, or recommender systems. Deep…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-02 Andreas Holzinger , Chris Biemann , Constantinos S. Pattichis , Douglas B. Kell
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