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XAI refers to the techniques and methods for building AI applications which assist end users to interpret output and predictions of AI models. Black box AI applications in high-stakes decision-making situations, such as medical domain have…

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into modern healthcare, offering powerful support for clinical decision-making. However, in real-world settings, AI systems may experience performance degradation over time, due to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Hao Guan , David Bates , Li Zhou

Recent advancement in machine learning algorithms reaches a point where medical devices can be equipped with artificial intelligence (AI) models for diagnostic support and routine automation in clinical settings. In medicine and healthcare,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-21 Takeshi Abe , Yoshiyuki Asai

The discovery of adversarial examples has raised concerns about the practical deployment of deep learning systems. In this paper, we demonstrate that adversarial examples are capable of manipulating deep learning systems across three…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Samuel G. Finlayson , Hyung Won Chung , Isaac S. Kohane , Andrew L. Beam

This paper claims that machine learning models deployed in high stakes domains such as medicine must be interpretable, shareable, reproducible and accountable. We argue that these principles should form the foundational design criteria for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Ayyüce Begüm Bektaş , Mithat Gönen

This paper examines the intricate interplay among AI safety, security, and governance by integrating technical systems engineering with principles of moral imagination and ethical philosophy. Drawing on foundational insights from Weapons of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-11 Krti Tallam

Medicine is rife with high-stakes uncertainty. Doctors routinely make clinical judgments and decisions that juggle many fundamental unknowns, like predictions about what might be causing a patients' symptoms or decisions about what…

What does Artificial Intelligence (AI) have to contribute to health care? And what should we be looking out for if we are worried about its risks? In this paper we offer a survey, and initial evaluation, of hopes and fears about the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Robert Sparrow , Joshua Hatherley

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used to support prognosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but adoption remains limited due to a lack of transparency and interpretability, particularly for long-term predictions where uncertainty is…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jonatan Reyes , Mina Massoumi , Anil Ufuk Batmaz , Marta Kersten-Oertel

Artificial intelligence (AI) is expected to revolutionize the practice of medicine. Recent advancements in the field of deep learning have demonstrated success in a variety of clinical tasks: detecting diabetic retinopathy from images,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Joshua Hatherley

This paper contributes with a pragmatic evaluation framework for explainable Machine Learning (ML) models for clinical decision support. The study revealed a more nuanced role for ML explanation models, when these are pragmatically embedded…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Oskar Wysocki , Jessica Katharine Davies , Markel Vigo , Anne Caroline Armstrong , Dónal Landers , Rebecca Lee , André Freitas

In recent years, machine learning (ML) has become a key enabling technology for the sciences and industry. Especially through improvements in methodology, the availability of large databases and increased computational power, today's ML…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-27 Wojciech Samek , Klaus-Robert Müller

Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare is a potentially revolutionary tool to achieve improved healthcare outcomes while reducing overall health costs. While many exploratory results hit the headlines in recent years there are only few…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Vince I. Madai , David C. Higgins

The need for AI systems to provide explanations for their behaviour is now widely recognised as key to their adoption. In this paper, we examine the problem of trustworthy AI and explore what delivering this means in practice, with a focus…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Rob Procter , Peter Tolmie , Mark Rouncefield

This study investigates uncertainty quantification in large language models (LLMs) for medical applications, emphasizing both technical innovations and philosophical implications. As LLMs become integral to clinical decision-making,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Zahra Atf , Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini , Peter R. Lewis , Aref Mahjoubfar , Nariman Naderi , Thomas R. Savage , Ali Soroush

We are used to the availability of big data generated in nearly all fields of science as a consequence of technological progress. However, the analysis of such data possess vast challenges. One of these relates to the explainability of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Frank Emmert-Streib , Olli Yli-Harja , Matthias Dehmer

Recent significant increases in affordable and accessible computational power and data storage have enabled machine learning to provide almost unbelievable classification and prediction performances compared to well-trained humans. There…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Gari D. Clifford

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes embedded in healthcare, trust in medical decision-making is changing fast. Nowhere is this shift more visible than in radiology, where AI tools are increasingly embedded across the imaging workflow -…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Jan Beger

Trust in clinical artificial intelligence (AI) cannot be reduced to model accuracy, fluency of generation, or overall positive user impression. In medicine, trust must be engineered as a measurable system property grounded in evidence,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Serhii Zabolotnii , Viktoriia Holinko , Olha Antonenko

Recently, artificial intelligence and machine learning in general have demonstrated remarkable performances in many tasks, from image processing to natural language processing, especially with the advent of deep learning. Along with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Erico Tjoa , Cuntai Guan