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The surface code is currently the leading proposal to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computation. Among its strengths are the plethora of known ways in which fault-tolerant Clifford operations can be performed, namely, by deforming the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-26 Benjamin J. Brown , Katharina Laubscher , Markus S. Kesselring , James R. Wootton

Transversal gates are the ideal gates in a fault-tolerant scenario; relatively easy to implement, and minimally error propagating. Their availability will maximise fault tolerant thresholds, enabling universal quantum computation in a wider…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Heather Leitch , Alastair Kay

Gauge theories are important descriptions for many physical phenomena and systems in quantum computation. Automorphism of gauge group naturally gives global symmetries of gauge theories. In this work we study such symmetries in gauge…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2026-05-12 Po-Shen Hsin , Ryohei Kobayashi

With the advent of physical qubits exhibiting strong noise bias, it becomes increasingly relevant to identify which quantum gates can be efficiently implemented on error-correcting codes designed to address a single dominant error type.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-09 Victor Barizien , Hugo Jacinto , Nicolas Sangouard

We provide a careful analysis of the structure theorem for the $n$-qudit projective Clifford group and various encoding schemes for its elements. In particular, we derive formulas for evaluation, composition, and inversion. Our results…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-08 Sam Winnick , Jennifer Paykin

The Clifford group plays a central role in quantum randomized benchmarking, quantum tomography, and error correction protocols. Here we study the structural properties of this group. We show that any Clifford operator can be uniquely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-11 Sergey Bravyi , Dmitri Maslov

We describe a family of quantum error-correcting codes which generalize both the quantum hypergraph-product (QHP) codes by Tillich and Z\'emor, and all families of toric codes on $m$-dimensional hypercubic lattices. Similar to the latter,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-19 Weilei Zeng , Leonid P. Pryadko

The disjointness of a stabilizer code is a quantity used to constrain the level of the logical Clifford hierarchy attainable by transversal gates and constant-depth quantum circuits. We show that for any positive integer constant $c$, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 John Bostanci , Aleksander Kubica

Identifying stabilizer codes that admit fault-tolerant implementations of the full logical Clifford group would significantly advance fault-tolerant quantum computation. Motivated by this goal, we study several classes of fault-tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Aranya Chakraborty , Daniel Gottesman

We present an improved low-overhead implementation of surface code logical H. We describe in full detail logical H applied to a single distance 7 double-defect logical qubit in an otherwise idle scalable array such qubits. Our goal is to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-09-11 Austin G. Fowler

A method for the implementation of a universal set of fault-tolerant logical gates is presented using homological product codes. In particular, it is shown that one can fault-tolerantly map between different encoded representations of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-06 Tomas Jochym-O'Connor

The present paper is concerned with the concept of the one-way quantum computer, beyond binary-systems, and its relation to the concept of stabilizer quantum codes. This relation is exploited to analyze a particular class of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Dirk Schlingemann

The surface code is unarguably the leading quantum error correction code for 2-D nearest neighbor architectures, featuring a high threshold error rate of approximately 1%, low overhead implementations of the entire Clifford group, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-05-03 Austin G. Fowler , Adam C. Whiteside , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg

The surface code is one of the most successful approaches to topological quantum error-correction. It boasts the smallest known syndrome extraction circuits and correspondingly largest thresholds. Defect-based logical encodings of a new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-26 Theodore J. Yoder , Isaac H. Kim

A quantum error correcting code protects encoded logical information against errors. Transversal gates are a naturally fault-tolerant way to manipulate logical qubits but cannot be universal themselves. Protocols such as magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Eric Huang , Pierre-Gabriel Rozon , Arpit Dua , Sarang Gopalakrishnan , Michael J. Gullans

We have generalized the well-known statement that the Clifford group is a unitary 3-design into symmetric cases by extending the notion of unitary design. Concretely, we have proven that a symmetric Clifford group is a symmetric unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-27 Yosuke Mitsuhashi , Nobuyuki Yoshioka

In universal fault-tolerant quantum computing, implementing logical non-Clifford gates often demands substantial spacetime resources for many error-correcting codes, including the high-threshold surface code. A critical mission for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-07 Sheng-Jie Huang , Alison Warman , Sakura Schafer-Nameki , Yanzhu Chen

The $n$-qubit stabilizer states are those left invariant by a $2^n$-element subset of the Pauli group. The Clifford group is the group of unitaries which take stabilizer states to stabilizer states; a physically--motivated generating set,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-20 Cynthia Keeler , William Munizzi , Jason Pollack

The Clifford Hierarchy has been a central topic in quantum computation due to its strong connections with fault-tolerant quantum computation, magic state distillation, and more. Nevertheless, only sections of the hierarchy are fully…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-13 Luca Bastioni , Samuel Glandon , Tefjol Pllaha , Madison Stewart , Phillip Waitkevich

Recent discoveries in asymptotically good quantum codes have intensified research on their application in quantum computation and fault-tolerant operations. This study focuses on the addressability problem within CSS codes: what circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-26 Jérôme Guyot , Samuel Jaques