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We examine the following problem: given a collection of Clifford gates, describe the set of unitaries generated by circuits composed of those gates. Specifically, we allow the standard circuit operations of composition and tensor product,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-15 Daniel Grier , Luke Schaeffer

Recently, operator quantum error-correcting codes have been proposed to unify and generalize decoherence free subspaces, noiseless subsystems, and quantum error-correcting codes. This note introduces a natural construction of such codes in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-13 Andreas Klappenecker , Pradeep Kiran Sarvepalli

We introduce rainbow codes, a novel class of quantum error correcting codes generalising colour codes and pin codes. Rainbow codes can be defined on any $D$-dimensional simplicial complex that admits a valid $(D + 1)$-colouring of its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Thomas R. Scruby , Arthur Pesah , Mark Webster

Transversal Pauli $Z$ rotations provide a natural route to fault-tolerant logical diagonal gates in quantum CSS codes, but their capability is inherently constrained. We develop a homological framework that organizes transversal diagonal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-13 Junichi Haruna

It is an oft-cited fact that no quantum code can support a set of fault-tolerant logical gates that is both universal and transversal. This no-go theorem is generally responsible for the interest in alternative universality constructions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-20 Theodore J. Yoder , Ryuji Takagi , Isaac L. Chuang

Quantum computing relies on quantum error correction for high-fidelity logical operations, but scaling to achieve near-term quantum utility is highly resource-intensive. High-rate quantum LDPC codes can reduce error correction overhead, yet…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-11 Laura Pecorari , Francesco Paolo Guerci , Hugo Perrin , Guido Pupillo

Transversal gates are the simplest form of fault-tolerant gates and are relatively easy to implement in practice. Yet designing codes that support useful transversal operations -- especially non-Clifford or addressable gates -- remains…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 ChunJun Cao , Brad Lackey

The surface code is a quantum error-correcting code for one logical qubit, protected by spatially localized parity checks in two dimensions. Due to fundamental constraints from spatial locality, storing more logical qubits requires either…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-15 Yifan Hong , Matteo Marinelli , Adam M. Kaufman , Andrew Lucas

Recently, Bravyi and K\"onig have shown that there is a tradeoff between fault-tolerantly implementable logical gates and geometric locality of stabilizer codes. They consider locality-preserving operations which are implemented by a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-01-14 Fernando Pastawski , Beni Yoshida

Random quantum circuits continue to inspire a wide range of applications in quantum information science and many-body quantum physics, while remaining analytically tractable through probabilistic methods. Motivated by an interest in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-02 Grace M. Sommers , David A. Huse , Michael J. Gullans

Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes offer a promising route to scalable fault-tolerant quantum computation with constant overhead. Recent advancements have shown that qLDPC codes can outperform the quantum memory capability of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Jens Niklas Eberhardt , Vincent Steffan

Kliuchnikov, Maslov, and Mosca proved in 2012 that a $2\times 2$ unitary matrix $V$ can be exactly represented by a single-qubit Clifford+$T$ circuit if and only if the entries of $V$ belong to the ring $\mathbb{Z}[1/\sqrt{2},i]$. Later…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-08 Matthew Amy , Andrew N. Glaudell , Neil J. Ross

Clifford codes are a class of quantum error control codes that form a natural generalization of stabilizer codes. These codes were introduced in 1996 by Knill, but only a single Clifford code was known, which is not already a stabilizer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-27 Andreas Klappenecker , Martin Roetteler

In this work we show that given a connectivity graph $G$ of a $[[n,k,d]]$ quantum code, there exists $\{K_i\}_i, K_i \subset G$, such that $\sum_i |K_i|\in \Omega(k), \ |K_i| \in \Omega(d)$, and the $K_i$'s are $\tilde{\Omega}(…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Nouédyn Baspin

We introduce a class of 3D color codes, which we call stacked codes, together with a fault-tolerant transformation that will map logical qubits encoded in two-dimensional (2D) color codes into stacked codes and back. The stacked code allows…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-07 Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Stephen D. Bartlett

The term Clifford group was introduced in 1998 by D. Gottesmann in his investigation of quantum error-correcting codes. The simplest Clifford group in multiqubit quantum computation is generated by a restricted set of unitary Clifford gates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-25 J. Tolar

Quantum codes are subspaces of the state space of a quantum system that are used to protect quantum information. Some common classes of quantum codes are stabilizer (or additive) codes, non-stabilizer (or non-additive) codes obtained from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-09-05 Hari Dilip Kumar , B. Sundar Rajan

Quantum codes are subspaces of the state space of a quantum system that are used to protect quantum information. Some common classes of quantum codes are stabilizer (or additive) codes, non-stabilizer (or non-additive) codes obtained from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-08-27 Hari Dilip Kumar

We use our Clifford algebra technique, that is nilpotents and projectors which are binomials of the Clifford algebra objects $\gamma^a$ with the property $\{\gamma^a,\gamma^b\}_+ = 2 \eta^{ab}$, for representing quantum gates and quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 M. Gregoric , N. S. Mankoc Borstnik

In this paper is shown an application of Clifford algebras to the construction of computationally universal sets of quantum gates for $n$-qubit systems. It is based on the well-known application of Lie algebras together with the especially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 Alexander Yu. Vlasov