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Accurate information processing is crucial both in technology and in nature. To achieve it, any information processing system needs an initial supply of resources away from thermal equilibrium. Here we establish a fundamental limit on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-14 Giulio Chiribella , Fei Meng , Renato Renner , Man-Hong Yung

A restricted form of Landauer's Principle, independent of computational considerations, is shown to hold for thermal systems by reference to the joint entropy associated with conjugate observables. It is shown that the source of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-15 R. E. Kastner , Andreas Schlatter

Erasure of the binary memory, 0 or 1, is an essential step for digital computation involving irreversible logic operations. The erasure of a bit of a classical bit of memory is accompanied by the evolution of a minimum amount of heat set by…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-04-14 Vipul Rai , Moupriya Das

One of the major resource requirements of computers - ranging from biological cells to human brains to high-performance (engineered) computers - is the energy used to run them. Those costs of performing a computation have long been a focus…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-08-06 David H. Wolpert

Energy costs of information processing are growing exponentially. Bit erasure is a key problem in this energy-information nexus, and a number of seminal relationships have been deduced regarding the relationship between thermodynamic costs…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-04-16 Songela W. Chen , David T. Limmer

Landauer argued that the process of erasing the information stored in a memory device incurs an energy cost in the form of a minimum amount of mechanical work. We find, however, that this energy cost can be reduced to zero by paying a cost…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-06-02 Joan A. Vaccaro , Stephen M. Barnett

We review the physical foundations of Landauer's Principle, which relates the loss of information from a computational process to an increase in thermodynamic entropy. Despite the long history of the Principle, its fundamental rationale and…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-01-30 Michael P. Frank

Landauer's erasure principle states that any irreversible erasure protocol of a single bit memory needs work of at least $k_B T ln2.$ Recent proof of concept experiments has demonstrated that the erasure protocols with work close to the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-04-08 Harish Doddi , Saurav Talukdar , Murti Salapaka

The Landauer principle establishes a fundamental lower bound on the energetic cost of the erasure of a one-bit memory in thermal equilibrium. Here, we experimentally demonstrate how this bound can be effectively circumvented by introducing…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-02-24 Salambô Dago , Ludovic Bellon

Starting from Landauer's slogan "information is physical," we revise and modify Landauer's principle stating that the erasure of information has a minimal price in the form of a certain quantity of free energy. We establish a direct link…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-20 Ämin Baumeler , Stefan Wolf

Landauer's principle states that the erasure of information must be a dissipative process. In this paper, we carefully analyze the recording and erasure of information on a physical memory. On the one hand, we show that in order to record…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-15 Léo Granger , Holger Kantz

In this paper, we study the thermodynamic cost associated with erasing a static random access memory. By combining the stochastic thermodynamics framework of electronic circuits with machine learning-based optimization techniques, we show…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-11-05 Tomas Basile , Karel Proesmans

In the paradigm of thermodynamic computing, instead of behaving deterministically, hardware undergoes a stochastic process in order to sample from a distribution of interest. While it has been hypothesized that thermodynamic computers may…

The construction of models from data is a significant contributor to the energetic costs of computation. Because of this, understanding how foundational thermodynamic bounds apply to modeling algorithms will be increasingly important. Here,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-20 Samuel H. D'Ambrosia , Sultan M. Daniels , Michael R. DeWeese , Anant Sahai

Landauer erasure seems to provide a powerful link between thermodynamics and information processing (logical computation). The only logical operations that require a generation of heat are logically irreversible ones, with the minimum heat…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2009-12-11 O. J. E. Maroney

Modern computing architectures are vastly more energy-dissipative than fundamental thermodynamic limits suggest, motivating the search for principled approaches to low-dissipation logical operations. We formulate multi-bit logical gates…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-07-01 Jérémie Klinger , Grant M. Rotskoff

A known aspect of the Clausius inequality is that an equilibrium system subjected to a squeezing $\d S<0$ of its entropy must release at least an amount $|\dbarrm Q|=T|\d S|$ of heat. This serves as a basis for the Landauer principle, which…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. E. Allahverdyan , Th. M. Nieuwenhuizen

The information-thermodynamics link is revisited, going back to the analysis of Szilard's engine. It is argued that instead of equivalence rather complementarity of physical entropy and information theoretical one is a correct concept.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-06-24 Robert Alicki

Quantum state engineering and quantum computation rely on information erasure procedures that, up to some fidelity, prepare a quantum object in a pure state. Such processes occur within Landauer's framework if they rely on an interaction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-26 M. Hamed Mohammady , Masoud Mohseni , Yasser Omar

Landauer's erasure principle is generalized to nondeterministic processes on systems having an arbitrary number of non-symmetrical logical states. The condition that the process is applied in the same way, irrespective of the initial…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-04-03 S. Turgut