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In-order scalar RISC architectures have been the dominant paradigm in FPGA soft processor design for twenty years. Prior out-of-order superscalar implementations have not exhibited competitive area or absolute performance. This paper…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-03-20 Jan Gray , Aaron Smith

FPGAs, as computing devices, offer significant speedup over microprocessors. Furthermore, their configurability offers an advantage over traditional ASICs. However, they do not yet enjoy high-level language programmability, as…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2011-11-09 Zhi Guo , Betul Buyukkurt , Walid Najjar , Kees Vissers

A current trend in HPC systems is the utilization of architectures with SIMD or vector extensions to exploit data parallelism. There are several ways to take advantage of such modern vector architectures, each with a different impact on the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Marc Blancafort , Roger Ferrer , Guillaume Houzeaux , Marta Garcia-Gasulla , Filippo Mantovani

We introduce a practical real-time neural video codec (NVC) designed to deliver high compression ratio, low latency and broad versatility. In practice, the coding speed of NVCs depends on 1) computational costs, and 2) non-computational…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-19 Zhaoyang Jia , Bin Li , Jiahao Li , Wenxuan Xie , Linfeng Qi , Houqiang Li , Yan Lu

Structured sparsity has been proposed as an efficient way to prune the complexity of modern Machine Learning (ML) applications and to simplify the handling of sparse data in hardware. The acceleration of ML models - for both training and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-14 V. Titopoulos , K. Alexandridis , C. Peltekis , C. Nicopoulos , G. Dimitrakopoulos

This paper presents a pipeline stage resolved timing characterization of a 32-bit RISC V processor implemented on a 20 nm FPGA and a 7 nm FinFET ASIC platform. A unified analysis framework is introduced that decomposes timing paths into…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-18 Mostafa Darvishi

Low-precision formats have recently driven major breakthroughs in neural network (NN) training and inference by reducing the memory footprint of the NN models and improving the energy efficiency of the underlying hardware architectures.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Luca Bertaccini , Gianna Paulin , Tim Fischer , Stefan Mach , Luca Benini

Although modern FPGAs have a performance potential of a 1 GHz clock frequency - with both clock networks and embedded blocks such as memories and DSP Blocks capable of these clock rates - user implementations approaching this speed are…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Martin Langhammer , Gregg Baeckler , Kim Bozman

A time-efficient and comprehensive verification is a fundamental part of the design process for modern computing platforms, and it becomes ever more important and critical to optimize as the latter get ever more complex. SupeRFIVe is a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Andrea Galimberti , Marco Vitali , Sebastiano Vittoria , Davide Zoni

Single-issue processor cores are very energy efficient but suffer from the von Neumann bottleneck, in that they must explicitly fetch and issue the loads/storse necessary to feed their ALU/FPU. Each instruction spent on moving data is a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Fabian Schuiki , Florian Zaruba , Torsten Hoefler , Luca Benini

Reconfigurable architectures like Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have been used for accelerating computations in several domains because of their unique combination of flexibility, performance, and power efficiency. However, FPGAs…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Murat Isik , Kayode Inadagbo , Hakan Aktas

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have gained significant attention in edge computing due to their low power consumption and computational efficiency. However, existing implementations either use conventional System on Chip (SoC) architectures…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Kanishka Gunawardana , Sanka Peeris , Kavishka Rambukwella , Thamish Wanduragala , Saadia Jameel , Roshan Ragel , Isuru Nawinne

The fast proliferation of extreme-edge applications using Deep Learning (DL) based algorithms required dedicated hardware to satisfy extreme-edge applications' latency, throughput, and precision requirements. While inference is achievable…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Yvan Tortorella , Luca Bertaccini , Davide Rossi , Luca Benini , Francesco Conti

Design Conductor (DC) is an autonomous agent which applies the capabilities of frontier models to build semiconductors end-to-end -- that is, from concept to verified, tape-out ready GDSII (layout CAD file). In 12 hours and fully…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 The Verkor Team , Ravi Krishna , Suresh Krishna , David Chin

WebRISC-V is a web-based educational tool designed to simulate the pipelined execution of assembly programs according to the RV64IM specifications (64-bit RISC-V processor). The tool allows users to investigate pipeline stalls, understand…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Roberto Giorgi , Gianfranco Mariotti

FPGAs have found increasing adoption in data center applications since a new generation of high-level tools have become available which noticeably reduce development time for FPGA accelerators and still provide high quality of results.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Marius Meyer , Tobias Kenter , Christian Plessl

Internet-of-Things end-nodes demand low power processing platforms characterized by heterogeneous dedicated units, controlled by a processor core running concurrent control threads. Such architecture scheme fits one of the main target…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Abdallah Cheikh , Gianmarco Cerutti , Antonio Mastrandrea , Francesco Menichelli , Mauro Olivieri

Intrinsic functions are specialized functions provided by the compiler that efficiently operate on architecture-specific hardware, allowing programmers to write optimized code in a high-level language that fully exploits hardware features.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Liutong Han , Chu Kang , Mingjie Xing , Yanjun Wu

In this work, we present X-HEEP, an open-source, configurable, and extendible RISC-V platform for ultra-low-power edge applications (TinyAI). X-HEEP features the eXtendible Accelerator InterFace (XAIF), which enables seamless integration of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Simone Machetti , Pasquale Davide Schiavone , Giovanni Ansaloni , Miguel Peón-Quirós , David Atienza

In this paper, we present Ara, a 64-bit vector processor based on the version 0.5 draft of RISC-V's vector extension, implemented in GlobalFoundries 22FDX FD-SOI technology. Ara's microarchitecture is scalable, as it is composed of a set of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Matheus Cavalcante , Fabian Schuiki , Florian Zaruba , Michael Schaffner , Luca Benini