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Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) algorithms suffer from barren plateaus, where gradients vanish with system size and circuit depth. Although many mitigation strategies exist, their connection to convergence performance under different…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-15 Mostafa Atallah , Nouhaila Innan , Muhammad Kashif , Muhammad Shafique

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) represent a promising approach to utilizing current quantum computing infrastructures. VQAs are based on a parameterized quantum circuit optimized in a closed loop via a classical algorithm. This hybrid…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-10 David Fitzek , Robert S. Jonsson , Werner Dobrautz , Christian Schäfer

Instantaneous quantum polynomial quantum circuit Born machines (IQP-QCBMs) have been proposed as quantum generative models with a classically tractable training objective based on the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) and a potential quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-16 Kevin Shen , Susanne Pielawa , Vedran Dunjko , Hao Wang

The variational approach is a cornerstone of computational physics, considering both conventional and quantum computing computational platforms. The variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) algorithm aims to prepare the ground state of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-16 Nikita Astrakhantsev , Guglielmo Mazzola , Ivano Tavernelli , Giuseppe Carleo

In quantum chemistry, the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is a promising algorithm for molecular simulations on near-term quantum computers. However, VQEs using hardware-efficient circuits face scaling challenges due to the barren…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-27 Rui Mao , Guojing Tian , Xiaoming Sun

Variational quantum algorithms are considered to be appealing applications of near-term quantum computers. However, it has been unclear whether they can outperform classical algorithms or not. To reveal their limitations, we must seek a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-15 Kosuke Mitarai , Yasunari Suzuki , Wataru Mizukami , Yuya O. Nakagawa , Keisuke Fujii

The Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) is a fundamental algorithm in quantum computing, yet a coherent geometric characterization of VQE remains missing due to fragmented analyses across fixed-ansatz and adaptive-circuit formulations. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Zhen Qin

While variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) have demonstrated considerable success in unconstrained optimization, their application to constrained combinatorial problems face a trade-off. Penalty-based methods, despite their circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Hui-Min Li , Yuan-Liang Han , Zhi-Xi Wang , Shao-Ming Fei

We present a unitary-based gradient formulation for variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) that applies to general differentiable cost function defined by a parameterized quantum circuit composed of Pauli-generated rotations. The gradient is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Jesus Urbaneja , Le Bin Ho

Solving problems related to open quantum systems has attracted many interests. Here, we propose a variational quantum algorithm to find the steady state of open quantum systems. In this algorithm, we employ parameterized quantum circuits to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-11 Huan-Yu Liu , Tai-Ping Sun , Yu-Chun Wu , Guo-Ping Guo

Variational quantum algorithms are a leading candidate for early applications on noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers. These algorithms depend on a classical optimization outer-loop that minimizes some function of a parameterized…

A programmable quantum processor is a fundamental model of quantum computation. In this model, any quantum channel can be approximated by applying a fixed universal quantum operation onto an input state and a quantum `program' state, whose…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-20 Leonardo Banchi , Jason Pereira , Seth Lloyd , Stefano Pirandola

A new paradigm for data science has emerged, with quantum data, quantum models, and quantum computational devices. This field, called Quantum Machine Learning (QML), aims to achieve a speedup over traditional machine learning for data…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-24 Supanut Thanasilp , Samson Wang , Nhat A. Nghiem , Patrick J. Coles , M. Cerezo

Here we show how universal quantum computers based on the quantum circuit model can handle mathematical analysis calculations for functions with continuous domains, without any digitalization, and with remarkably few qubits. The basic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-10 Pablo Bermejo , Roman Orus

Variational Bayes (VB) inference algorithm is used widely to estimate both the parameters and the unobserved hidden variables in generative statistical models. The algorithm -- inspired by variational methods used in computational physics…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-07-27 Hideyuki Miyahara , Vwani Roychowdhury

State-of-the-art quantum algorithms routinely tune dynamically parametrized cost functionals for combinatorics, machine learning, equation-solving, or energy minimization. However, large search complexity often demands many (noisy) quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-12 Mogens Dalgaard , Felix Motzoi , Jacob Sherson

Quantum variational optimization has been posed as an alternative to solve optimization problems faster and at a larger scale than what classical methods allow. In this paper we study systematically the role of entanglement, the structure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-30 Pablo Díez-Valle , Diego Porras , Juan José García-Ripoll

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are hybrid quantum-classical approaches used for tackling a wide range of problems on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. Testing these algorithms on relevant hardware is crucial to…

One of the earliest quantum algorithms was discovered by Bernstein and Vazirani, for a problem called Recursive Fourier Sampling. This paper shows that the Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm is not far from optimal. The moral is that the need to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Scott Aaronson

Quantum neural networks (QNNs) leverage quantum entanglement and superposition to enable large-scale parallel linear computation, offering a potential solution to the scalability limits of classical deep learning. However, their practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-05 Pei-Kun Yang