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The existence and degeneracies of quantum exceptional, diabolical, and hybrid (i.e., diabolically degenerated exceptional) singularities of simple bosonic systems composed of up to five modes with damping and/or amplification are analyzed.…

Degeneracies of non-Hermitian Hamiltonian i.e., exceptional points (EPs) of parity-time (PT)-symmetric systems have received considerable research attention due to their various possible applications in optical devices. At EPs, at least two…

Optics · Physics 2024-02-05 Priyanka Chaudhary , Akhilesh Kumar Mishra

We develop a systematic framework for determining the nature of exceptional points of $n^{\rm th}$ order (EP$_n$s) in non-Hermitian (NH) systems, represented by complex square matrices. By expressing symmetry-preserving perturbations in the…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Ipsita Mandal

We present a general theory of spontaneous emission at exceptional points (EPs)---exotic degeneracies in non-Hermitian systems. Our theory extends beyond spontaneous emission to any light--matter interaction described by the local density…

The defining characteristic of an exceptional point (EP) in the parameter space of a family of operators is that upon encircling the EP eigenstates are permuted. In case one encircles multiple EPs, the question arises how to properly…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2018-08-29 Eric J. Pap , Daniël Boer , Holger Waalkens

Exceptional points (EPs) are spectral degeneracies unique to non-Hermitian systems which underpin phenomena from enhanced sensing to unconventional topology. While disorder is usually viewed as detrimental, it can also drive topological…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-01-28 Xiaoyu Cheng , Tiantao Qu , Yaqing Yang , Jun Chen , Lei Zhang

The diagonal elements of the time correlation matrix are used to probe closed quantum systems that are measured at random times. This enables us to extract two distinct parts of the quantum evolution, a recurrent part and an exponentially…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2021-09-29 Klaus Ziegler

We investigate almost-degenerate perturbation theory of eigenvalue problems, using spectral projectors, also named density matrices. When several eigenvalues are close to each other, the coefficients of the perturbative series become…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2023-07-11 Charles Arnal , Louis Garrigue

The appearance of topological singularities, namely exceptional points (EPs) is an intriguing feature of parameter-dependent open quantum or wave systems. EPs are the special type of nonHermitian degeneracies where two (or more) eigenstates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-18 Sayan Bhattacherjee , Arnab Laha , Somnath Ghosh

We propose a new class of oscillators by engineering the dispersion of two-coupled periodic waveguides to exhibit a degenerate band edge (DBE). The DBE is an exceptional point of degeneracy (EPD) of order four, i.e., representing the…

Spectral degeneracies, including diabolic (DP) and exceptional (EP) points, exhibit unique sensitivity to external perturbations, enabling powerful control and engineering of wave phenomena. We present a residue-based perturbation theory…

Optics · Physics 2026-01-01 Kaiyuan Wang , Niall Byrnes , Matthew R. Foreman

Non-Hermitian exceptional points (EPs) represent a special type of degeneracy where not only the eigenvalues coalesce, but also the eigenstates tend to collapse on each other. Recent studies have shown that in the presence of an EP,…

We present an algorithm to compute the Jordan chain of a nearly defective matrix with a $2\times2$ Jordan block. The algorithm is based on an inverse-iteration procedure and only needs information about the invariant subspace corresponding…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2017-04-25 Felipe Hernández , Adi Pick , Steven G. Johnson

Exceptional points (EPs) are non-Hermitian spectral degeneracies marking a simultaneous coalescence of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Despite the fact that multiband $n$-fold EPs (EP$n$s) generically emerge as special points on manifolds of…

Optics · Physics 2026-03-16 Anton Montag , Jordan Isaacs , Marcus Stålhammar , Flore K. Kunst

A central goal of evolutionary biology is to explain the origins and distribution of diversity across life. Beyond species or genetic diversity, we also observe diversity in the circuits (genetic or otherwise) underlying complex functional…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2018-06-06 Ali Tehrani-Saleh , Thomas LaBar , Christoph Adami

Unitary transformations are an essential tool for the theoretical understanding of many systems by mapping them to simpler effective models. A systematically controlled variant to perform such a mapping is a perturbative continuous unitary…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2015-03-20 H. Krull , N. A. Drescher , G. S. Uhrig

Exceptional point (EP) is exclusive for non-Hermitian system and distinct from that at a degeneracy point (DP), supporting intriguing dynamics, which can be utilized to probe quantum phase transition and prepare eigenstates in a Hermitian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-10 P. Wang , K. L. Zhang , Z. Song

A simple electronic circuit with a voltage controlled current source is investigated. The circuit exhibits rich dynamics upon varying the circuit elements such as L,C and R, and the control factor of the current source. Among several other…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2017-05-22 Debdipta Goswami , Subhankar Ray

Non-Hermitian quantum one-parametric $N$ by $N$ matrix Hamiltonians $H^{(N)}(\lambda)$ with real spectra are considered. Their special choice $H^{(N)}(\lambda)=J^{(N)}+\lambda\,V^{(N)}(\lambda)$ is studied at small $\lambda$, with a general…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-30 Miloslav Znojil

A laser exhibits both controllable gain and loss and, under proper design conditions, is an ideal non-Hermitian system allowing the direct observation and engineering of spectral singularities such as exceptional points (EPs). A dual…

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