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This paper provides inference methods for best linear approximations to functions which are known to lie within a band. It extends the partial identification literature by allowing the upper and lower functions defining the band to be any…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-12-27 Arun Chandrasekhar , Victor Chernozhukov , Francesca Molinari , Paul Schrimpf

Variational inference (VI) seeks to approximate a target distribution $\pi$ by an element of a tractable family of distributions. Of key interest in statistics and machine learning is Gaussian VI, which approximates $\pi$ by minimizing the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-04-13 Michael Diao , Krishnakumar Balasubramanian , Sinho Chewi , Adil Salim

A new method called "variational sampling" is proposed to estimate integrals under probability distributions that can be evaluated up to a normalizing constant. The key idea is to fit the target distribution with an exponential family model…

Computation · Statistics 2013-10-15 Alexis Roche

In Simulation-based Inference, the goal is to solve the inverse problem when the likelihood is only known implicitly. Neural Posterior Estimation commonly fits a normalized density estimator as a surrogate model for the posterior. This…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-04 Benjamin Kurt Miller , Marco Federici , Christoph Weniger , Patrick Forré

Estimating the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between two distributions given samples from them is well-studied in machine learning and information theory. Motivated by considerations of multi-group fairness, we seek KL divergence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Parikshit Gopalan , Nina Narodytska , Omer Reingold , Vatsal Sharan , Udi Wieder

Modern machine learning approaches excel in static settings where a large amount of i.i.d. training data are available for a given task. In a dynamic environment, though, an intelligent agent needs to be able to transfer knowledge and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Jonas Wildberger , Siyuan Guo , Arnab Bhattacharyya , Bernhard Schölkopf

Estimating the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between random variables is a fundamental problem in statistical analysis. For continuous random variables, traditional information-theoretic estimators scale poorly with dimension and/or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Mikil Foss , Andrew Lamperski

Bayesian inference has many advantages for complex models, but standard Monte Carlo methods for summarizing the posterior can be computationally demanding, and it is attractive to consider optimization-based variational methods. Our work…

Computation · Statistics 2025-10-09 Aoxiang Chen , David J. Nott , Linda S. L. Tan

Several scalable sample-based methods to compute the Kullback Leibler (KL) divergence between two distributions have been proposed and applied in large-scale machine learning models. While they have been found to be unstable, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Sandesh Ghimire , Prashnna K Gyawali , Linwei Wang

We interpret likelihood-based test functions from a geometric perspective where the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence is adopted to quantify the distance from a distribution to another. Such a test function can be seen as a sub-Gaussian…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Yan Wang

Variational Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) perform variational inference over weights, but it is difficult to specify meaningful priors and approximate posteriors in a high-dimensional weight space. We introduce functional variational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-15 Shengyang Sun , Guodong Zhang , Jiaxin Shi , Roger Grosse

Bayesian networks (BNs) are a foundational model in machine learning and causal inference. Their graphical structure can handle high-dimensional problems, divide them into a sparse collection of smaller ones, underlies Judea Pearl's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Marco Scutari

Variational inference approximates Bayesian posterior distributions by projecting onto a tractable family of distributions. While most theoretical analyses evaluate the quality of this approximation using global divergence measures, many…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-11 Sean Plummer

Simulation-Based Inference (SBI) offers a principled and flexible framework for conducting Bayesian inference in any situation where forward simulations are feasible. However, validating the accuracy and reliability of the inferred…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-21 James Alvey , Carlo R. Contaldi , Mauro Pieroni

We study the approximation of arbitrary distributions $P$ on $d$-dimensional space by distributions with log-concave density. Approximation means minimizing a Kullback--Leibler-type functional. We show that such an approximation exists if…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2011-10-17 Lutz Duembgen , Richard Samworth , Dominic Schuhmacher

A number of fundamental quantities in statistical signal processing and information theory can be expressed as integral functions of two probability density functions. Such quantities are called density functionals as they map density…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-02-14 Alan Wisler , Visar Berisha , Andreas Spanias , Alfred O. Hero

In statistical classification/multiple hypothesis testing and machine learning, a model distribution estimated from the training data is usually applied to replace the unknown true distribution in the Bayes decision rule, which introduces a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Zijian Yang , Vahe Eminyan , Ralf Schlüter , Hermann Ney

A key task in the emerging field of materials informatics is to use machine learning to predict a material's properties and functions. A fast and accurate predictive model allows researchers to more efficiently identify or construct a…

Applications · Statistics 2022-02-01 Mohamed A. Abba , Jonathan P Williams , Brian J Reich

Training generative models to sample from unnormalized density functions is an important and challenging task in machine learning. Traditional training methods often rely on the reverse Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence due to its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Jiajun He , Wenlin Chen , Mingtian Zhang , David Barber , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato

We propose a scalable inference algorithm for Bayes posteriors defined on a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS). Given a likelihood function and a Gaussian random element representing the prior, the corresponding Bayes posterior measure…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-26 Veit Wild , James Wu , Dino Sejdinovic , Jeremias Knoblauch