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Automated placement of components on printed circuit boards (PCBs) is a critical stage in placement layout design. While reinforcement learning (RL) has been successfully applied to system-on-chip IP block placement and chiplet arrangement…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Kart Leong Lim

In modern chip design, placement aims at placing millions of circuit modules, which is an essential step that significantly influences power, performance, and area (PPA) metrics. Recently, reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Ke Xue , Ruo-Tong Chen , Xi Lin , Yunqi Shi , Shixiong Kai , Siyuan Xu , Chao Qian

In this work, we present a learning-based approach to chip placement, one of the most complex and time-consuming stages of the chip design process. Unlike prior methods, our approach has the ability to learn from past experience and improve…

Chip placement is a critical step in physical design. While reinforcement learning (RL)-based methods have recently emerged, their training primarily focuses on wirelength optimization, and therefore often fail to achieve expert-quality…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Ruo-Tong Chen , Ke Xue , Chengrui Gao , Yunqi Shi , Tian Xu , Peng Xie , Siyuan Xu , Mingxuan Yuan , Chao Qian , Zhi-Hua Zhou

This study focuses on the development of reinforcement learning based techniques for the design of microelectronic components under multiphysics constraints. While traditional design approaches based on global optimization approaches are…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Siddharth Nair , Timothy F. Walsh , Greg Pickrell , Fabio Semperlotti

For its advantage in GPU acceleration and less dependency on human experts, machine learning has been an emerging tool for solving the placement and routing problems, as two critical steps in modern chip design flow. Being still in its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Ruoyu Cheng , Junchi Yan

In physical design, human designers typically place macros via trial and error, which is a Markov decision process. Reinforcement learning (RL) methods have demonstrated superhuman performance on the macro placement. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Zixuan Jiang , Ebrahim Songhori , Shen Wang , Anna Goldie , Azalia Mirhoseini , Joe Jiang , Young-Joon Lee , David Z. Pan

Due to the increasing complexity of chip design, existing placement methods still have many shortcomings in dealing with macro cells coverage and optimization efficiency. Aiming at the problems of layout overlap, inferior performance, and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Tao Yu , Peng Gao , Fei Wang , Ru-Yue Yuan

Analog integrated circuit (IC) floorplanning is typically a manual process with the placement of components (devices and modules) planned by a layout engineer. This process is further complicated by the interdependence of floorplanning and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Davide Basso , Luca Bortolussi , Mirjana Videnovic-Misic , Husni Habal

Reinforcement learning (RL) has helped improve decision-making in several applications. However, applying traditional RL is challenging in some applications, such as rehabilitation of people with a spinal cord injury (SCI). Among other…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Nathan Phelps , Stephanie Marrocco , Stephanie Cornell , Dalton L. Wolfe , Daniel J. Lizotte

Macro placement is a critical phase in chip design, which becomes more intricate when involving general rectilinear macros and layout areas. Furthermore, macro placement that incorporates human-like constraints, such as design hierarchy and…

The layout of analog ICs requires making complex trade-offs, while addressing device physics and variability of the circuits. This makes full automation with learning-based solutions hard to achieve. However, reinforcement learning (RL) has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Sandro Junior Della Rovere , Davide Basso , Luca Bortolussi , Mirjana Videnovic-Misic , Husni Habal

Placement is a critical step in modern chip design, aiming to determine the positions of circuit modules on the chip canvas. Recent works have shown that reinforcement learning (RL) can improve human performance in chip placement. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Yao Lai , Jinxin Liu , Zhentao Tang , Bin Wang , Jianye Hao , Ping Luo

Ensuring reliability in modern software systems requires rigorous pre-production testing across highly heterogeneous and evolving environments. Because exhaustive evaluation is infeasible, practitioners must decide how to allocate limited…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yu Zhu

We study the problem of robotic stacking with objects of complex geometry. We propose a challenging and diverse set of such objects that was carefully designed to require strategies beyond a simple "pick-and-place" solution. Our method is a…

This application paper explores the potential of using reinforcement learning (RL) to address the demands of Industry 4.0, including shorter time-to-market, mass customization, and batch size one production. Specifically, we present a use…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Reuf Kozlica , Georg Schäfer , Simon Hirländer , Stefan Wegenkittl

This paper introduces the problem of learning to place logic blocks in Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and a learning-based method. In contrast to previous search-based placement algorithms, we instead employ Reinforcement Learning…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Shang Wang , Deepak Ranganatha Sastry Mamillapalli , Tianpei Yang , Matthew E. Taylor

Reinforcement learning (RL) is an area of significant research interest, and safe RL in particular is attracting attention due to its ability to handle safety-driven constraints that are crucial for real-world applications of RL algorithms.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-13 Song Bo , Xunyuan Yin , Jinfeng Liu

Reinforcement learning (RL) is an area of significant research interest, and safe RL in particular is attracting attention due to its ability to handle safety-driven constraints that are crucial for real-world applications. This work…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-26 Song Bo , Bernard T. Agyeman , Xunyuan Yin , Jinfeng Liu

The suboptimal physical design of the integrated circuits may not only increase the manufacturing costs due to the larger size of the chip but can also impact its performance by placing interconnected rectangular devices too far from each…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Josef Grus , Zdeněk Hanzálek
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