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While energy-based models (EBMs) exhibit a number of desirable properties, training and sampling on high-dimensional datasets remains challenging. Inspired by recent progress on diffusion probabilistic models, we present a diffusion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Ruiqi Gao , Yang Song , Ben Poole , Ying Nian Wu , Diederik P. Kingma

We motivate Energy-Based Models (EBMs) as a promising model class for continual learning problems. Instead of tackling continual learning via the use of external memory, growing models, or regularization, EBMs change the underlying training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Shuang Li , Yilun Du , Gido M. van de Ven , Igor Mordatch

Pretraining neural networks with massive unlabeled datasets has become popular as it equips the deep models with a better prior to solve downstream tasks. However, this approach generally assumes that the downstream tasks have access to…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Harlin Lee , Aaqib Saeed , Andrea L. Bertozzi

Consider learning a policy purely on the basis of demonstrated behavior -- that is, with no access to reinforcement signals, no knowledge of transition dynamics, and no further interaction with the environment. This *strictly batch…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-15 Daniel Jarrett , Ioana Bica , Mihaela van der Schaar

We present E NERGY N ET , a new framework for analyzing and building artificial neural network architectures. Our approach adaptively learns the structure of the networks in an unsupervised manner. The methodology is based upon the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-10 Gus Kristiansen , Xavi Gonzalvo

We study a new approach to learning energy-based models (EBMs) based on adversarial training (AT). We show that (binary) AT learns a special kind of energy function that models the support of the data distribution, and the learning process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Xuwang Yin , Shiying Li , Gustavo K. Rohde

Energy-based language models (ELMs) parameterize an unnormalized distribution for natural sentences and are radically different from popular autoregressive language models (ALMs). As an important application, ELMs have been successfully…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Hong Liu , Zhaobiao Lv , Zhijian Ou , Wenbo Zhao , Qing Xiao

Electromagnetismlike Optimization (EMO) is a global optimization algorithm, particularly well suited to solve problems featuring nonlinear and multimodal cost functions. EMO employs searcher agents that emulate a population of charged…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-05-21 Erik Cuevas , Diego Oliva , Daniel Zaldivar , Marco Perez , Gonzalo Pajares

In this paper, we focus on the problem of integrating Energy-based Models (EBM) as guiding priors for motion optimization. EBMs are a set of neural networks that can represent expressive probability density distributions in terms of a Gibbs…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Julen Urain , An T. Le , Alexander Lambert , Georgia Chalvatzaki , Byron Boots , Jan Peters

Several density estimation methods have shown to fail to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) samples by assigning higher likelihoods to anomalous data. Energy-based models (EBMs) are flexible, unnormalized density models which seem to be able…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Sven Elflein , Bertrand Charpentier , Daniel Zügner , Stephan Günnemann

We study the problem of learning associative memory -- a system which is able to retrieve a remembered pattern based on its distorted or incomplete version. Attractor networks provide a sound model of associative memory: patterns are stored…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-21 Sergey Bartunov , Jack W Rae , Simon Osindero , Timothy P Lillicrap

Enhancing the diversity of policies is beneficial for robustness, exploration, and transfer in reinforcement learning (RL). In this paper, we aim to seek diverse policies in an under-explored setting, namely RL tasks with structured action…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Wenhao Li , Baoxiang Wang , Shanchao Yang , Hongyuan Zha

Conditional decision generation with diffusion models has shown powerful competitiveness in reinforcement learning (RL). Recent studies reveal the relation between energy-function-guidance diffusion models and constrained RL problems. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Jifeng Hu , Sili Huang , Zhejian Yang , Shengchao Hu , Li Shen , Hechang Chen , Lichao Sun , Yi Chang , Dacheng Tao

We develop interacting particle algorithms for learning latent variable models with energy-based priors. To do so, we leverage recent developments in particle-based methods for solving maximum marginal likelihood estimation (MMLE) problems.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-15 Joanna Marks , Tim Y. J. Wang , O. Deniz Akyildiz

End-to-end learning of dynamical systems with black-box models, such as neural ordinary differential equations (ODEs), provides a flexible framework for learning dynamics from data without prescribing a mathematical model for the dynamics.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-20 Paidamoyo Chapfuwa , Sherri Rose , Lawrence Carin , Edward Meeds , Ricardo Henao

Reinforcement learning algorithms are typically designed for discrete-time dynamics, even though the underlying real-world control systems are often continuous in time. In this paper, we study the problem of continuous-time reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Klemens Iten , Lenart Treven , Bhavya Sukhija , Florian Dörfler , Andreas Krause

Deep learning models undergo a significant increase in the number of parameters they possess, leading to the execution of a larger number of operations during inference. This expansion significantly contributes to higher energy consumption…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Dario Lazzaro , Antonio Emanuele Cinà , Maura Pintor , Ambra Demontis , Battista Biggio , Fabio Roli , Marcello Pelillo

Energy-based models (EBMs) are versatile density estimation models that directly parameterize an unnormalized log density. Although very flexible, EBMs lack a specified normalization constant of the model, making the likelihood of the model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Louis Grenioux , Éric Moulines , Marylou Gabrié

Energy-based models (EBMs) are a flexible class of deep generative models and are well-suited to capture complex dependencies in multimodal data. However, learning multimodal EBM by maximum likelihood requires Markov Chain Monte Carlo…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Jiali Cui , Zhiqiang Lao , Heather Yu

Energy-based learning is a powerful learning paradigm that encapsulates various discriminative and generative approaches. An energy-based model (EBM) is typically formed of inner-model(s) that learn a combination of the different features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Firas Laakom , Jenni Raitoharju , Alexandros Iosifidis , Moncef Gabbouj