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To meet the computational requirements of modern workloads under tight energy constraints, general-purpose accelerator architectures have to integrate an ever-increasing number of extremely area- and energy-efficient processing elements…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Luca Colagrande , Luca Benini

The growing adoption of RISC-V in high-performance and scientific computing has increased the need for performance-portable code targeting the RISC-V Vector (RVV) extension. However, current compiler infrastructures provide limited…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Jie Lei , Héctor Martínez , Adrián Castelló

This paper presents the implementation and evaluation of the H (hypervisor) extension for the RISC-V instruction set architecture (ISA) on top of the gem5 microarchitectural simulator. The RISC-V ISA, known for its simplicity and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-21 George-Marios Fragkoulis , Nikos Karystinos , George Papadimitriou , Dimitris Gizopoulos

This paper describes our experience implementing a Hypervisor extension for a 64-bit RISC-V processor. We describe the design process and the main required parts with a brief explanation of each one.

While most instruction set architectures (ISAs) are only available to use through the purchase of a restrictive commercial license, the RISC-V ISA presents a free and open-source alternative. Due to this availability, many free and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Ian McDougall , Harish Batchu , Michael Davies , Karthikeyan Sankaralingam

By exploiting the modular RISC-V ISA this paper presents the customization of instruction set with posit\textsuperscript{\texttrademark} arithmetic instructions to provide improved numerical accuracy, well-defined behavior and increased…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Federico Rossi , Francesco Urbani , Marco Cococcioni , Emanuele Ruffaldi , Sergio Saponara

This project enables RISC-V microkernel support in IREE, an MLIR-based machine learning compiler and runtime. The approach begins by enabling the lowering of MLIR linalg dialect contraction ops to linalg.mmt4d op for the RISC-V64 target…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Adeel Ahmad , Ahmad Tameem Kamal , Nouman Amir , Bilal Zafar , Saad Bin Nasir

While posit format offers superior dynamic range and accuracy for transprecision computing, its adoption in RISC-V processors is hindered by the lack of a unified solution for lightweight, precision-scalable, and IEEE-754 arithmetic…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Qiong Li , Chao Fang , Longwei Huang , Jun Lin , Zhongfeng Wang

Speculative attacks are still an active threat today that, even if initially focused on the x86 platform, reach across all modern hardware architectures. RISC-V is a newly proposed open instruction set architecture that has seen traction…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Ruxandra Bălucea , Paul Irofti

An Application-Specific Instruction Set Processor(ASIP) is a specialized microprocessor that provides a trade-off between the programmability of a General Purpose Processor (GPP) and the performance and energy-efficiency of dedicated…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Evgenii Rezunov , Niko Zurstraßen , Lennart M. Reimann , Rainer Leupers

Rapid advancements in RISC-V hardware development shift the focus from low-level optimizations to higher-level parallelization. Recent RISC-V processors, such as the SOPHON SG2042, have 64 cores. RISC-V processors with core counts…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Alexander Strack , Christopher Taylor , Dirk Pflüger

Owing to the failure of Dennard's scaling the last decade has seen a steep growth of prominent new paradigms leveraging opportunities in computer architecture. Two technologies of interest are Posit and RISC-V. Posit was introduced in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Sugandha Tiwari , Neel Gala , Chester Rebeiro , V. Kamakoti

As RISC-V architectures proliferate across embedded and high-performance domains, developers face persistent challenges in performance optimization due to fragmented tooling, immature hardware features, and platform-specific defects. This…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Alexander Batashev

Real-time systems, particularly those used in domains like automated driving, are increasingly adopting neural networks. From this trend arises the need for high-performance hardware exhibiting predictable timing behavior. While…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Maximilian Kirschner , Konstantin Dudzik , Ben Krusekamp , Jürgen Becker

Intrinsic functions are specialized functions provided by the compiler that efficiently operate on architecture-specific hardware, allowing programmers to write optimized code in a high-level language that fully exploits hardware features.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Liutong Han , Chu Kang , Mingjie Xing , Yanjun Wu

While Transformers are dominated by Floating-Point (FP) Matrix-Multiplications, their aggressive acceleration through dedicated hardware or many-core programmable systems has shifted the performance bottleneck to non-linear functions like…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Run Wang , Gamze Islamoglu , Andrea Belano , Viviane Potocnik , Francesco Conti , Angelo Garofalo , Luca Benini

RISC-V ISA-based processors have recently emerged as both powerful and energy-efficient computing platforms. The release of the MILK-V Pioneer marked a significant milestone as the first desktop-grade RISC-V system. With increasing…

In recent years, interest in RISC-V computing architectures has moved from academic to mainstream, especially in the field of High Performance Computing where energy limitations are increasingly a concern. As of this year, the first single…

Leveraging vectorisation, the ability for a CPU to apply operations to multiple elements of data concurrently, is critical for high performance workloads. However, at the time of writing, commercially available physical RISC-V hardware that…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Joseph K. L. Lee , Maurice Jamieson , Nick Brown

The recent exponential growth of Large Language Models (LLMs) has relied on GPU-based systems. However, CPUs are emerging as a flexible and lower-cost alternative, especially when targeting inference and reasoning workloads. RISC-V is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Javier J. Poveda Rodrigo , Mohamed Amine Ahmdi , Alessio Burrello , Daniele Jahier Pagliari , Luca Benini