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In this paper we study shallow neural network functions which are linear combinations of compositions of activation and quadratic functions, replacing standard affine linear functions, often called neurons. We show the universality of this…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-05-12 Leon Frischauf , Otmar Scherzer , Cong Shi

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are so over-parametrized that recent research has found them to already contain a subnetwork with high accuracy at their randomly initialized state. Finding these subnetworks is a viable alternative training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-25 Ángel López García-Arias , Masanori Hashimoto , Masato Motomura , Jaehoon Yu

We present a framework to define a large class of neural networks for which, by construction, training by gradient flow provably reaches arbitrarily low loss when the number of parameters grows. Distinct from the fixed-space global…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-13 David A. R. Robin , Kevin Scaman , Marc Lelarge

For high-dimensional Gaussian data, we investigate theoretically how the features of a two-layer neural network adapt to the structure of the target function through a few large batch gradient descent steps, leading to an improvement in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-05 Yatin Dandi , Florent Krzakala , Bruno Loureiro , Luca Pesce , Ludovic Stephan

This work studies the expressivity of ReLU neural networks with a focus on their depth. A sequence of previous works showed that $\lceil \log_2(n+1) \rceil$ hidden layers are sufficient to compute all continuous piecewise linear (CPWL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Egor Bakaev , Florestan Brunck , Christoph Hertrich , Jack Stade , Amir Yehudayoff

Several recent works have shown separation results between deep neural networks, and hypothesis classes with inferior approximation capacity such as shallow networks or kernel classes. On the other hand, the fact that deep networks can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Eran Malach , Gilad Yehudai , Shai Shalev-Shwartz , Ohad Shamir

We study the sample complexity of learning one-hidden-layer convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with non-overlapping filters. We propose a novel algorithm called approximate gradient descent for training CNNs, and show that, with high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-13 Yuan Cao , Quanquan Gu

For any positive integer $k$, there exist neural networks with $\Theta(k^3)$ layers, $\Theta(1)$ nodes per layer, and $\Theta(1)$ distinct parameters which can not be approximated by networks with $\mathcal{O}(k)$ layers unless they are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-05-31 Matus Telgarsky

Accurate approximation of scalar-valued functions from sample points is a key task in computational science. Recently, machine learning with Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) has emerged as a promising tool for scientific computing, with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Ben Adcock , Simone Brugiapaglia , Nick Dexter , Sebastian Moraga

In this work, we consider the approximation of a large class of bounded functions, with minimal regularity assumptions, by ReLU neural networks. We show that the approximation error can be bounded from above by a quantity proportional to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-27 Owen Davis , Gianluca Geraci , Mohammad Motamed

In this paper, we establish a neural network to approximate functionals, which are maps from infinite dimensional spaces to finite dimensional spaces. The approximation error of the neural network is $O(1/\sqrt{m})$ where $m$ is the size of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-01-02 Yahong Yang , Yang Xiang

It is often useful to compactly summarize important properties of model parameters and training data so that they can be used later without storing and/or iterating over the entire dataset. As a specific case, we consider estimating the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Nikita Dhawan , Sicong Huang , Juhan Bae , Roger Grosse

Among various distance functions for graphs, graph and subgraph edit distances (GED and SED respectively) are two of the most popular and expressive measures. Unfortunately, exact computations for both are NP-hard. To overcome this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Rishabh Ranjan , Siddharth Grover , Sourav Medya , Venkatesan Chakaravarthy , Yogish Sabharwal , Sayan Ranu

Neural nets are known to be universal approximators. In particular, formal neurons implementing wavelets have been shown to build nets able to approximate any multidimensional task. Such very specialized formal neurons may be, however,…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-07 B. G. Giraud , A. Touzeau

Function regression/approximation is a fundamental application of machine learning. Neural networks (NNs) can be easily trained for function regression using a sufficient number of neurons and epochs. The forward-forward learning algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Shivam Padmani , Akshay Joshi

This article concerns the expressive power of depth in deep feed-forward neural nets with ReLU activations. Specifically, we answer the following question: for a fixed $d_{in}\geq 1,$ what is the minimal width $w$ so that neural nets with…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-13 Boris Hanin , Mark Sellke

Neural networks and rational functions efficiently approximate each other. In more detail, it is shown here that for any ReLU network, there exists a rational function of degree $O(\text{polylog}(1/\epsilon))$ which is $\epsilon$-close, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Matus Telgarsky

Recently, over-parameterized neural networks have been extensively analyzed in the literature. However, the previous studies cannot satisfactorily explain why fully trained neural networks are successful in practice. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-28 Cong Fang , Hanze Dong , Tong Zhang

This paper investigates the approximation properties of deep neural networks with piecewise-polynomial activation functions. We derive the required depth, width, and sparsity of a deep neural network to approximate any H\"{o}lder smooth…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-12-06 Denis Belomestny , Alexey Naumov , Nikita Puchkin , Sergey Samsonov

Neural ODEs and i-ResNet are recently proposed methods for enforcing invertibility of residual neural models. Having a generic technique for constructing invertible models can open new avenues for advances in learning systems, but so far…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Han Zhang , Xi Gao , Jacob Unterman , Tom Arodz