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Key-Value Stores (KVS) based on log-structured merge-trees (LSM-trees) are widely used in storage systems but face significant challenges, such as high write amplification caused by compaction. KV-separated LSM-trees address write…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Jianshun Zhang , Fang Wang , Jiaxin Ou , Yi Wang , Ming Zhao , Sheng Qiu , Junxun Huang , Baoquan Li , Peng Fang , Dan Feng

Log-Structured Merge-tree-based Key-Value Store (LSM-KVS) is a foundational storage engine serving diverse modern workloads, systems, and applications. To suit varying use cases, LSM-KVS allows a vast configuration space that controls core…

Database Management Systems and K/V-Stores operate on updatable datasets -- massively exceeding the size of available main memory. Tree-based K/V storage management structures became particularly popular in storage engines. B+ Trees allow…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Christian Riegger , Ilia Petrov

The growing volume of graph data may exhaust the main memory. It is crucial to design a disk-based graph storage system to ingest updates and analyze graphs efficiently. However, existing dynamic graph storage systems suffer from read or…

The Log-Structured Merge-Tree (LSM-tree) has been widely adopted for use in modern NoSQL systems for its superior write performance. Despite the popularity of LSM-trees, they have been criticized for suffering from write stalls and large…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Chen Luo , Michael J. Carey

Key-Value Stores (KVS) implemented with log-structured merge-tree (LSM-tree) have gained widespread acceptance in storage systems. Nonetheless, a significant challenge arises in the form of high write amplification due to the compaction…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Jianshun Zhang , Fang Wang , Sheng Qiu , Yi Wang , Jiaxin Ou , Junxun Huang , Baoquan Li , Peng Fang , Dan Feng

Modern key-value storage engines built on Log-Structured Merge-trees (LSM-trees), such as RocksDB and LevelDB, rely heavily on the performance of their compaction operations, which are impacted by a complex set of interdependent…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Jiabiao Ding , Yina Lv , Qiao Li , Zhirong Shen , Chun Jason Xue

Many applications require update-intensive workloads on spatial objects, e.g., social-network services and shared-riding services that track moving objects. By buffering insert and delete operations in memory, the Log Structured Merge Tree…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Jaewoo Shin , Jianguo Wang , Walid G. Aref

Modern mainstream persistent key-value storage engines utilize Log-Structured Merge tree (LSM-tree) based designs, optimizing read/write performance by leveraging sequential disk I/O. However, the advent of SSDs, with their significant…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Jin Jiang , Dongsheng He , Yu Hu , Dong Liu , Chenfan Xiao , Hongxiao Bi , Yusong Zhang , Chaoqu Jiang , Zhijun Fu

Log-structured merge (LSM) trees offer efficient ingestion by appending incoming data, and thus, are widely used as the storage layer of production NoSQL data stores. To enable competitive read performance, LSM-trees periodically…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Subhadeep Sarkar , Dimitris Staratzis , Zichen Zhu , Manos Athanassoulis

The cloud infrastructure motivates disaggregation of monolithic data stores into components that are assembled together based on an application's workload. This study investigates disaggregation of an LSM-tree key-value store into…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Haoyu Huang , Shahram Ghandeharizadeh

Recently, the Log-Structured Merge-tree (LSM-tree) has been widely adopted for use in the storage layer of modern NoSQL systems. Because of this, there have been a large number of research efforts, from both the database community and the…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-07-22 Chen Luo , Michael J. Carey

Range Minimum Query (RMQ) is an important building brick of many compressed data structures and string matching algorithms. Although this problem is essentially solved in theory, with sophisticated data structures allowing for constant time…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-07-12 Szymon Grabowski , Tomasz Kowalski

In recent years, the Log Structured Merge (LSM) tree has been widely adopted by NoSQL and NewSQL systems for its superior write performance. Despite its popularity, however, most existing work has focused on LSM-based key-value stores with…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-01-08 Chen Luo , Michael J. Carey

LSM-tree has been widely used in cloud computing systems by Google, Facebook, and Amazon, to achieve high performance for write-intensive workloads. However, in LSM-tree, random key-value queries can experience long latency and low…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-06-08 Lei Guo , Dejun Teng , Rubao Lee , Feng Chen , Siyuan Ma , Xiaodong Zhang

The multi-level design of Log-Structured Merge-trees (LSM-trees) naturally fits the tiered storage architecture: the upper levels (recently inserted/updated records) are kept in fast storage to guarantee performance while the lower levels…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Jiansheng Qiu , Fangzhou Yuan , Mingyu Gao , Huanchen Zhang

The Key-Value (KV) cache is a crucial component in serving transformer-based autoregressive large language models (LLMs), enabling faster inference by storing previously computed KV vectors. However, its memory consumption scales linearly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Rongzhi Zhang , Kuang Wang , Liyuan Liu , Shuohang Wang , Hao Cheng , Chao Zhang , Yelong Shen

Key\-value separation is used in LSM\-tree to stored large value in separate log files to reduce write amplification, but requires garbage collection to garbage collect invalid values. Existing garbage collection techniques in LSM\-tree…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Zhutao Zhuang , Xinqi Zeng , Zhiguang Chen

Large language models (LLMs) based on Transformer Decoders have become the preferred choice for conversational generative AI. Despite the overall superiority of the Decoder architecture, the gradually increasing Key-Value (KV) cache during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Luohe Shi , Zuchao Li , Lefei Zhang , Guoming Liu , Baoyuan Qi , Hai Zhao

The high memory demands of the Key-Value (KV) Cache during the inference of Large Language Models (LLMs) severely restrict their deployment in resource-constrained platforms. Quantization can effectively alleviate the memory pressure caused…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Fei Li , Song Liu , Weiguo Wu , Shiqiang Nie , Jinyu Wang