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Interpretability research takes counterfactual theories of causality for granted. Most causal methods rely on counterfactual interventions to inputs or the activations of particular model components, followed by observations of the change…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Aaron Mueller

Current machine learning models are evaluated through behavioral snapshots, with benchmark accuracies, win rates and outcome-based metrics. Model explanations and evaluations, however, are fundamentally intertwined: understanding why a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Isabelle Lee , Emmy Liu , Cathy Jiao , Brihi Joshi , Dani Yogatama , Fazl Barez , Michael Saxon

In order to deploy deep neural networks (DNNs) in high-stakes scenarios, it is imperative that DNNs provide inference robust to external perturbations - both intentional and unintentional. Although the resilience of DNNs to intentional and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Sazzad Sayyed , Milin Zhang , Shahriar Rifat , Ananthram Swami , Michael De Lucia , Francesco Restuccia

A common belief is that intrinsically interpretable deep learning models ensure a correct, intuitive understanding of their behavior and offer greater robustness against accidental errors or intentional manipulation. However, these beliefs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Hubert Baniecki , Przemyslaw Biecek

Computationally explicit hypotheses of brain function derived from machine learning (ML)-based models have recently revolutionized neuroscience. Despite the unprecedented ability of these artificial neural networks (ANNs) to capture…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-12 Kohitij Kar , Simon Kornblith , Evelina Fedorenko

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been shown lack of robustness for the vulnerability of their classification to small perturbations on the inputs. This has led to safety concerns of applying DNNs to safety-critical domains. Several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Jianlin Li , Pengfei Yang , Jiangchao Liu , Liqian Chen , Xiaowei Huang , Lijun Zhang

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to adversarial examples where inputs with imperceptible perturbations mislead DNNs to incorrect results. Despite the potential risk they bring, adversarial examples are also valuable for providing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Chongzhi Zhang , Aishan Liu , Xianglong Liu , Yitao Xu , Hang Yu , Yuqing Ma , Tianlin Li

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have had many successes, but they suffer from two major issues: (1) a vulnerability to adversarial examples and (2) a tendency to elude human interpretation. Interestingly, recent empirical and theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Adam Noack , Isaac Ahern , Dejing Dou , Boyang Li

As deep learning systems are scaled up to many billions of parameters, relating their internal structure to external behaviors becomes very challenging. Although daunting, this problem is not new: Neuroscientists and cognitive scientists…

Providing textual concept-based explanations for neurons in deep neural networks (DNNs) is of importance in understanding how a DNN model works. Prior works have associated concepts with neurons based on examples of concepts or a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Nhat Hoang-Xuan , Minh Vu , My T. Thai

Interpretation of deep learning models is a very challenging problem because of their large number of parameters, complex connections between nodes, and unintelligible feature representations. Despite this, many view interpretability as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Michael Tsang , James Enouen , Yan Liu

Deep learning methods are highly accurate, yet their opaque decision process prevents them from earning full human trust. Concept-based models aim to address this issue by learning tasks based on a set of human-understandable concepts.…

When explaining the decisions of deep neural networks, simple stories are tempting but dangerous. Especially in computer vision, the most popular explanation approaches give a false sense of comprehension to its users and provide an overly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Matthias Kirchler , Martin Graf , Marius Kloft , Christoph Lippert

Deep neural networks have demonstrated remarkable performance across various domains, yet their decision-making processes remain opaque. Although many explanation methods are dedicated to bringing the obscurity of DNNs to light, they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Kanglong Fan , Yunqiao Yang , Chen Ma

The interpretability of neural networks (NNs) is a challenging but essential topic for transparency in the decision-making process using machine learning. One of the reasons for the lack of interpretability is random weight initialization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Shohei Kubota , Hideaki Hayashi , Tomohiro Hayase , Seiichi Uchida

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have become a proven and indispensable machine learning tool. As a black-box model, it remains difficult to diagnose what aspects of the model's input drive the decisions of a DNN. In countless real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Gabrielle Ras , Ning Xie , Marcel van Gerven , Derek Doran

Supervised machine learning models boast remarkable predictive capabilities. But can you trust your model? Will it work in deployment? What else can it tell you about the world? We want models to be not only good, but interpretable. And yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-07 Zachary C. Lipton

Deep neural networks that yield human interpretable decisions by architectural design have lately become an increasingly popular alternative to post hoc interpretation of traditional black-box models. Among these networks, the arguably most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-24 Adrian Hoffmann , Claudio Fanconi , Rahul Rade , Jonas Kohler

Deep learning models are widely used for various industrial and scientific applications. Even though these models have achieved considerable success in recent years, there exists a lack of understanding of the rationale behind decisions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Swapnil Nitin Shah

Single neurons in neural networks are often interpretable in that they represent individual, intuitively meaningful features. However, many neurons exhibit $\textit{mixed selectivity}$, i.e., they represent multiple unrelated features. A…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-19 David Klindt , Sophia Sanborn , Francisco Acosta , Frédéric Poitevin , Nina Miolane