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The use of complex machine learning models can make systems opaque to users. Machine learning research proposes the use of post-hoc explanations. However, it is unclear if they give users insights into otherwise uninterpretable models. One…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-05-09 Martin Schuessler , Philipp Weiß

Post-hoc explanation methods are an important class of approaches that help understand the rationale underlying a trained model's decision. But how useful are they for an end-user towards accomplishing a given task? In this vision paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Maximilian Idahl , Lijun Lyu , Ujwal Gadiraju , Avishek Anand

This position paper defends post-hoc explainability methods as legitimate tools for scientific knowledge production in machine learning. Addressing criticism of these methods' reliability and epistemic status, we develop a philosophical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Nick Oh

The use of sophisticated machine learning models for critical decision making is faced with a challenge that these models are often applied as a "black-box". This has led to an increased interest in interpretable machine learning, where…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Catarina Moreira , Yu-Liang Chou , Mythreyi Velmurugan , Chun Ouyang , Renuka Sindhgatta , Peter Bruza

Very few eXplainable AI (XAI) studies consider how users understanding of explanations might change depending on whether they know more or less about the to be explained domain (i.e., whether they differ in their expertise). Yet, expertise…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Courtney Ford , Mark T Keane

EXplainable AI has received significant attention in recent years. Machine learning models often operate as black boxes, lacking explainability and transparency while supporting decision-making processes. Local post-hoc explainability…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Gianvincenzo Alfano , Sergio Greco , Domenico Mandaglio , Francesco Parisi , Reza Shahbazian , Irina Trubitsyna

The increasing demand for transparent and reliable models, particularly in high-stakes decision-making areas such as medical image analysis, has led to the emergence of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). Post-hoc XAI techniques,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Junlin Hou , Sicen Liu , Yequan Bie , Hongmei Wang , Andong Tan , Luyang Luo , Hao Chen

The growing complexity of machine learning and deep learning models has led to an increased reliance on opaque "black box" systems, making it difficult to understand the rationale behind predictions. This lack of transparency is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Pratinav Seth , Yashwardhan Rathore , Neeraj Kumar Singh , Chintan Chitroda , Vinay Kumar Sankarapu

Saliency post-hoc explainability methods are important tools for understanding increasingly complex NLP models. While these methods can reflect the model's reasoning, they may not align with human intuition, making the explanations not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Lucas E. Resck , Marcos M. Raimundo , Jorge Poco

Interpretability is highly desired for deep neural network-based classifiers, especially when addressing high-stake decisions in medical imaging. Commonly used post-hoc interpretability methods have the limitation that they can produce…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-04 Sourya Sengupta , Mark A. Anastasio

Several explainable AI methods allow a Machine Learning user to get insights on the classification process of a black-box model in the form of local linear explanations. With such information, the user can judge which features are locally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Francesco Lomuscio , Paolo Bajardi , Alan Perotti , Elvio G. Amparore

Machine learning models in safety-critical settings like healthcare are often blackboxes: they contain a large number of parameters which are not transparent to users. Post-hoc explainability methods where a simple, human-interpretable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Aparna Balagopalan , Haoran Zhang , Kimia Hamidieh , Thomas Hartvigsen , Frank Rudzicz , Marzyeh Ghassemi

Document-level models for information extraction tasks like slot-filling are flexible: they can be applied to settings where information is not necessarily localized in a single sentence. For example, key features of a diagnosis in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-19 Liyan Tang , Dhruv Rajan , Suyash Mohan , Abhijeet Pradhan , R. Nick Bryan , Greg Durrett

Many researchers have suggested that local post-hoc explanation algorithms can be used to gain insights into the behavior of complex machine learning models. However, theoretical guarantees about such algorithms only exist for simple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Eric Günther , Balázs Szabados , Robi Bhattacharjee , Sebastian Bordt , Ulrike von Luxburg

As machine learning methods see greater adoption and implementation in high stakes applications such as medical image diagnosis, the need for model interpretability and explanation has become more critical. Classical approaches that assess…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-12 Sumedha Singla , Brian Pollack , Junxiang Chen , Kayhan Batmanghelich

As machine learning black boxes are increasingly being deployed in domains such as healthcare and criminal justice, there is growing emphasis on building tools and techniques for explaining these black boxes in an interpretable manner. Such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-04 Dylan Slack , Sophie Hilgard , Emily Jia , Sameer Singh , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Deep neural networks for medical image diagnosis often achieve high predictive accuracy while relying on spurious or clinically irrelevant visual cues, limiting their trustworthiness in practice. Post-hoc explanation methods are widely used…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zubair Faruqui , Rahul Dubey

Post-hoc explanation methods for black-box models often struggle with faithfulness and human interpretability due to the lack of explainability in current neural architectures. Meanwhile, B-cos networks have been introduced to improve model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Yifan Wang , Sukrut Rao , Ji-Ung Lee , Mayank Jobanputra , Vera Demberg

Most existing interpretable methods explain a black-box model in a post-hoc manner, which uses simpler models or data analysis techniques to interpret the predictions after the model is learned. However, they (a) may derive contradictory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-22 Mengzhuo Guo , Qingpeng Zhang , Xiuwu Liao , Daniel Dajun Zeng

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) plays a crucial role in enabling human understanding and trust in deep learning systems. As models get larger, more ubiquitous, and pervasive in aspects of daily life, explainability is necessary to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Vinitra Swamy , Jibril Frej , Tanja Käser