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A core part of legal work that has been under-explored in Legal NLP is the writing and editing of legal briefs. This requires not only a thorough understanding of the law of a jurisdiction, from judgments to statutes, but also the ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Jesse Woo , Fateme Hashemi Chaleshtori , Ana Marasović , Kenneth Marino

This paper describes our submission to the SemEval-2023 for Task 6 on LegalEval: Understanding Legal Texts. Our submission concentrated on three subtasks: Legal Named Entity Recognition (L-NER) for Task-B, Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP)…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in various aspects. However, when applying them to the highly specialized, safe-critical legal domain, it is unclear how much legal knowledge they possess and whether they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Zhiwei Fei , Xiaoyu Shen , Dawei Zhu , Fengzhe Zhou , Zhuo Han , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen , Zongwen Shen , Jidong Ge

While most social norms are informal, they are often formalized by companies in contracts to regulate trades of goods and services. When poorly written, contracts may contain normative conflicts resulting from opposing deontic meanings or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-06 João Paulo Aires , Roger Granada , Juarez Monteiro , Rodrigo C. Barros , Felipe Meneguzzi

Real estate sales contracts contain crucial information for property transactions, but manual data extraction can be time-consuming and error-prone. This paper explores the application of large language models, specifically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Yu Zhao , Haoxiang Gao , Jinghan Cao , Shiqi Yang

Event extraction, the technology that aims to automatically get the structural information from documents, has attracted more and more attention in many fields. Most existing works discuss this issue with the token-level multi-label…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Zhuo Xu , Yue Wang , Lu Bai , Lixin Cui

Event classification at sentence level is an important Information Extraction task with applications in several NLP, IR, and personalization systems. Multi-label binary relevance (BR) are the state-of-art methods. In this work, we explored…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2014-03-26 Luís Marujo , Anatole Gershman , Jaime Carbonell , João P. Neto , David Martins de Matos

To govern smart contracts running on Ethereum, multiple Ethereum Request for Comment (ERC) standards have been developed, each containing a set of rules to guide the behaviors of smart contracts. Violating the ERC rules could cause serious…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Shihao Xia , Shuai Shao , Mengting He , Tingting Yu , Linhai Song , Yiying Zhang

Accurate Named Entity Recognition (NER) is crucial for various information retrieval tasks in industry. However, despite significant progress in traditional NER methods, the extraction of Complex Named Entities remains a relatively…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Hsiu-Wei Yang , Abhinav Agrawal

Document-level relation extraction aims to extract relations among multiple entity pairs from a document. Previously proposed graph-based or transformer-based models utilize the entities independently, regardless of global information among…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-27 Ningyu Zhang , Xiang Chen , Xin Xie , Shumin Deng , Chuanqi Tan , Mosha Chen , Fei Huang , Luo Si , Huajun Chen

NLP benchmarks rely on standardized datasets for training and evaluating models and are crucial for advancing the field. Traditionally, expert annotations ensure high-quality labels; however, the cost of expert annotation does not scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Omer Nahum , Nitay Calderon , Orgad Keller , Idan Szpektor , Roi Reichart

Multi-label legal annotation requires assigning multiple labels from large, evolving taxonomies to long, fact-intensive documents, often under limited supervision. Parametric encoders typically require task-specific training and retraining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Li Zhang , Jaromir Savelka , Kevin Ashley

Smart contracts are self-executing programs on blockchain platforms like Ethereum, which have revolutionized decentralized finance by enabling trustless transactions and the operation of decentralized applications. Despite their potential,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Gerardo Iuliano , Dario Di Nucci

Entity type tagging is the task of assigning category labels to each mention of an entity in a document. While standard systems focus on a small set of types, recent work (Ling and Weld, 2012) suggests that using a large fine-grained label…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-08-03 Dan Gillick , Nevena Lazic , Kuzman Ganchev , Jesse Kirchner , David Huynh

Multiple entities in a document generally exhibit complex inter-sentence relations, and cannot be well handled by existing relation extraction (RE) methods that typically focus on extracting intra-sentence relations for single entity pairs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-12 Yuan Yao , Deming Ye , Peng Li , Xu Han , Yankai Lin , Zhenghao Liu , Zhiyuan Liu , Lixin Huang , Jie Zhou , Maosong Sun

We consider Large-Scale Multi-Label Text Classification (LMTC) in the legal domain. We release a new dataset of 57k legislative documents from EURLEX, annotated with ~4.3k EUROVOC labels, which is suitable for LMTC, few- and zero-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Ilias Chalkidis , Manos Fergadiotis , Prodromos Malakasiotis , Ion Androutsopoulos

Legal judgments may contain errors due to the complexity of case circumstances and the abstract nature of legal concepts, while existing appellate review mechanisms face efficiency pressures from a surge in case volumes. Although current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yifei Li , Richong Zhang , Wanyu Tu , Zhijie Nie , Haokun Luo , Chuantao Yin , Pengchong Li

Normative requirements specify social, legal, ethical, empathetic, and cultural (SLEEC) norms that must be observed by a system. To support the identification of SLEEC requirements, numerous standards and regulations have been developed.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Alex Kleijwegt , Sinem Getir Yaman , Radu Calinescu

Entity Linking involves detecting and linking entity mentions in natural language texts to a knowledge graph. Traditional methods use a two-step process with separate models for entity recognition and disambiguation, which can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Daniel Vollmers , Hamada M. Zahera , Diego Moussallem , Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

This paper presents research on a prototype developed to serve the quantitative study of public policy design. This sub-discipline of political science focuses on identifying actors, relations between them, and tools at their disposal in…