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Related papers: A Benchmark for Lease Contract Review

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Existing QA benchmarks typically assume distinct documents with minimal overlap, yet real-world retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems operate on corpora such as financial reports, legal codes, and patents, where information is highly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Hanjun Cho , Jay-Yoon Lee

Fine-tuning language models, such as BERT, on domain specific corpora has proven to be valuable in domains like scientific papers and biomedical text. In this paper, we show that fine-tuning BERT on legal documents similarly provides…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-04 Emad Elwany , Dave Moore , Gaurav Oberoi

The widespread exchange of digital documents in various domains has resulted in abundant private information being shared. This proliferation necessitates redaction techniques to protect sensitive content and user privacy. While numerous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Mirco Beltrame , Mauro Conti , Pierpaolo Guglielmin , Francesco Marchiori , Gabriele Orazi

Modelling relations between multiple entities has attracted increasing attention recently, and a new dataset called DocRED has been collected in order to accelerate the research on the document-level relation extraction. Current baselines…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-27 Hong Wang , Christfried Focke , Rob Sylvester , Nilesh Mishra , William Wang

Collecting labeled datasets in finance is challenging due to scarcity of domain experts and higher cost of employing them. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in data annotation tasks on general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Toyin Aguda , Suchetha Siddagangappa , Elena Kochkina , Simerjot Kaur , Dongsheng Wang , Charese Smiley , Sameena Shah

The process of annotating data within the legal sector is filled with distinct challenges that differ from other fields, primarily due to the inherent complexities of legal language and documentation. The initial task usually involves…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Harshil Darji , Jelena Mitrović , Michael Granitzer

Legal contracts govern much of our society, but their specialized language is difficult for non-experts to read. While AI has enabled simplification of complex language, legal contracts pose unique challenges because of their connection to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ziheng Huang , Tal August , Hari Sundaram

This paper presents a new task of predicting the coverage of a text document for relation extraction (RE): does the document contain many relational tuples for a given entity? Coverage predictions are useful in selecting the best documents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Sneha Singhania , Simon Razniewski , Gerhard Weikum

User interaction with legal contracts has been limited to document reading, which is often complicated by complex, ambiguous legal language. We explore possible futures where contract interfaces go beyond single document interfaces to (1)…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ziheng Huang , Robin Kar , Hari Sundaram , Tal August

Entity Linking (EL) and Relation Extraction (RE) are fundamental tasks in Natural Language Processing, serving as critical components in a wide range of applications. In this paper, we propose ReLiK, a Retriever-Reader architecture for both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Riccardo Orlando , Pere-Lluis Huguet Cabot , Edoardo Barba , Roberto Navigli

Prior work has commonly defined argument retrieval from heterogeneous document collections as a sentence-level classification task. Consequently, argument retrieval suffers both from low recall and from sentence segmentation errors making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-22 Dietrich Trautmann , Johannes Daxenberger , Christian Stab , Hinrich Schütze , Iryna Gurevych

Contract review is a complex and time-intensive task that typically demands specialized legal expertise, rendering it largely inaccessible to non-experts. Moreover, legal interpretation is rarely straightforward-ambiguity is pervasive, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Petros Raptopoulos , Giorgos Filandrianos , Maria Lymperaiou , Giorgos Stamou

Companies regularly spend millions of dollars producing electronically-stored documents in legal matters. Recently, parties on both sides of the 'legal aisle' are accepting the use of machine learning techniques like text classification to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-12-23 Christian J. Mahoney , Jianping Zhang , Nathaniel Huber-Fliflet , Peter Gronvall , Haozhen Zhao

Legal proceedings take plenty of time and also cost a lot. The lawyers have to do a lot of work in order to identify the different sections of prior cases and statutes. The paper tries to solve the first tasks in AILA2021 (Artificial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Arka Mitra

Business contracts, particularly sale and purchase agreements, often contain a large number of clauses and are correspondingly long and complex. In practice, it is therefore a great challenge to keep track of their legal context and to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Alan Khoja , Martin Kölbl , Stefan Leue , Rüdiger Wilhelmi

Language Models (LMs) have proven their ability to acquire diverse linguistic knowledge during the pretraining phase, potentially serving as a valuable source of incidental supervision for downstream tasks. However, there has been limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Claire Barale , Michael Rovatsos , Nehal Bhuta

Machine-learning-based entity resolution has been widely studied. However, some entity pairs may be mislabeled by machine learning models and existing studies do not study the risk analysis problem -- predicting and interpreting which…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-12-09 Zhaoqiang Chen , Qun Chen , Boyi Hou , Tianyi Duan , Zhanhuai Li , Guoliang Li

Reference texts such as encyclopedias and news articles can manifest biased language when objective reporting is substituted by subjective writing. Existing methods to detect bias mostly rely on annotated data to train machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Timo Spinde , David Krieger , Manuel Plank , Bela Gipp

Document-level relation extraction (RE) aims to extract the relations between entities from the input document that usually containing many difficultly-predicted entity pairs whose relations can only be predicted through relational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Liang Zhang , Jinsong Su , Yidong Chen , Zhongjian Miao , Zijun Min , Qingguo Hu , Xiaodong Shi

Information Extraction is a well-researched area of Natural Language Processing with applications in web search and question answering concerned with identifying entities and relationships between them as expressed in a given context,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Erin Macdonald , Denilson Barbosa