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Laws and their interpretations, legal arguments and agreements\ are typically expressed in writing, leading to the production of vast corpora of legal text. Their analysis, which is at the center of legal practice, becomes increasingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-09 Ilias Chalkidis , Abhik Jana , Dirk Hartung , Michael Bommarito , Ion Androutsopoulos , Daniel Martin Katz , Nikolaos Aletras

In this paper, we propose a new annotation scheme to classify different types of clauses in Terms-and-Conditions contracts with the ultimate goal of supporting legal experts to quickly identify and assess problematic issues in this type of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Pietro Giovanni Bizzaro , Elena Della Valentina , Maurizio Napolitano , Nadia Mana , Massimo Zancanaro

Detecting mental health crisis situations such as suicide ideation, rape, domestic violence, child abuse, and sexual harassment is a critical yet underexplored challenge for language models. When such situations arise during user--model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Grace Byun , Rebecca Lipschutz , Sean T. Minton , Abigail Lott , Jinho D. Choi

We propose a new uniform framework for text classification and ranking that can automate the process of identifying check-worthy sentences in political debates and speech transcripts. Our framework combines the semantic analysis of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Ting Su , Craig Macdonald , Iadh Ounis

AI agents are changing the requirements for document parsing. What matters is semantic correctness: parsed output must preserve the structure and meaning needed for autonomous decisions, including correct table structure, precise chart…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Boyang Zhang , Sebastián G. Acosta , Preston Carlson , Sacha Bron , Pierre-Loïc Doulcet , Daniel B. Ospina , Simon Suo

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in legal applications, current evaluation benchmarks tend to focus mainly on factual accuracy while largely neglecting important linguistic quality aspects such as clarity, coherence,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Li yunhan , Wu gengshen

Relation Extraction (RE) is a fundamental task of information extraction, which has attracted a large amount of research attention. Previous studies focus on extracting the relations within a sentence or document, while currently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Fengqi Wang , Fei Li , Hao Fei , Jingye Li , Shengqiong Wu , Fangfang Su , Wenxuan Shi , Donghong Ji , Bo Cai

We describe a dataset developed for Named Entity Recognition in German federal court decisions. It consists of approx. 67,000 sentences with over 2 million tokens. The resource contains 54,000 manually annotated entities, mapped to 19…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-31 Elena Leitner , Georg Rehm , Julián Moreno-Schneider

The classification of legal documents from an unstructured data corpus has several crucial applications in downstream tasks. Documents relevant to court filings are key in use cases such as drafting motions, memos, and outlines, as well as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Ishaan Gakhar , Harsh Nandwani

Recently, Visual Information Extraction (VIE) has been becoming increasingly important in both the academia and industry, due to the wide range of real-world applications. Previously, numerous works have been proposed to tackle this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-30 Zhibo Yang , Rujiao Long , Pengfei Wang , Sibo Song , Humen Zhong , Wenqing Cheng , Xiang Bai , Cong Yao

Recent advancements in Document Layout Analysis through Large Language Models and Multimodal Models have significantly improved layout detection. However, despite these improvements, challenges remain in addressing critical structural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Inbum Heo , Taewook Hwang , Jeesu Jung , Sangkeun Jung

This paper presents the results of the LegalLens Shared Task, focusing on detecting legal violations within text in the wild across two sub-tasks: LegalLens-NER for identifying legal violation entities and LegalLens-NLI for associating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Ben Hagag , Liav Harpaz , Gil Semo , Dor Bernsohn , Rohit Saha , Pashootan Vaezipoor , Kyryl Truskovskyi , Gerasimos Spanakis

The emergence and rapid progress of the Internet have brought ever-increasing impact on financial domain. How to rapidly and accurately mine the key information from the massive negative financial texts has become one of the key issues for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-16 Lingyun Zhao , Lin Li , Xinhao Zheng

Entity recognition is a fundamental task in understanding document images. Traditional sequence labeling frameworks treat the entity types as class IDs and rely on extensive data and high-quality annotations to learn semantics which are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Zilong Wang , Jingbo Shang

Large, pre-trained transformer models like BERT have achieved state-of-the-art results on document understanding tasks, but most implementations can only consider 512 tokens at a time. For many real-world applications, documents can be much…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Allison Hegel , Marina Shah , Genevieve Peaslee , Brendan Roof , Emad Elwany

Extracting structured information from visual documents (Visual Information Extraction, VIE) is a cornerstone of business automation. While recent Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown promising capabilities, existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Yandi Wang , Libin Zhan , Ziwei Huang , Tiancheng Luo , Yuxuan Jiang , Wang Dong , Leilei Gan , Jun Chen

In this paper we present a new method to learn a model robust to typos for a Named Entity Recognition task. Our improvement over existing methods helps the model to take into account the context of the sentence inside a court decision in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Valentin Barriere , Amaury Fouret

Semantic legal metadata provides information that helps with understanding and interpreting legal provisions. Such metadata is therefore important for the systematic analysis of legal requirements. However, manually enhancing a large legal…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-01-31 Amin Sleimi , Nicolas Sannier , Mehrdad Sabetzadeh , Lionel Briand , Marcello Ceci , John Dann

Understanding the semantic meaning of content on the web through the lens of entities and concepts has many practical advantages. However, when building large-scale entity extraction systems, practitioners are facing unique challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Xuanting Cai , Quanbin Ma , Pan Li , Jianyu Liu , Qi Zeng , Zhengkan Yang , Pushkar Tripathi

Identifying named entities such as a person, location or organization, in documents can highlight key information to readers. Training Named Entity Recognition (NER) models requires an annotated data set, which can be a time-consuming…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Ting Wai Terence Au , Ingemar J. Cox , Vasileios Lampos