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Robust measurements of multiple black hole vibrational modes provide a unique opportunity to characterise gravity in extreme curvature and dynamical regimes, to better investigate the nature of compact objects and search for signs of new…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-03-07 Vasco Gennari , Gregorio Carullo , Walter Del Pozzo

The measurement of multiple ringdown modes in gravitational waves from binary black hole mergers will allow for testing fundamental properties of black holes in General Relativity, and to constrain modified theories of gravity. To enhance…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-04-26 Huan Yang , Kent Yagi , Jonathan Blackman , Luis Lehner , Vasileios Paschalidis , Frans Pretorius , Nicolas Yunes

Gravitational waves from comparable-mass binary-black-hole mergers are often described in terms of three stages: inspiral, merger and ringdown. Post-Newtonian and black-hole perturbation theories are used to model the inspiral and ringdown…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-14 Nur E. M. Rifat , David A. Nichols , Kent Yagi

During the post-merger regime of a binary black hole merger, the gravitational wave signal consists of a superposition of quasi-normal modes (QNMs) of the remnant black hole. It has been observed empirically, primarily through numerical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-01-22 A. Ribes Metidieri , B. Bonga , B. Krishnan

Dense environments hosting compact binary mergers can leave an imprint on the gravitational-wave emission which, in turn, can be used to identify the characteristics of the environment. To demonstrate such scenario, we consider a simple…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-02-19 Samson H. W. Leong , Juan Calderón Bustillo , Miguel Gracia-Linares , Pablo Laguna

A perturbed black hole emits gravitational radiation, usually termed the ringdown signal, whose frequency and time-constant depends on the mass and spin of the black hole. I investigate the case of a binary black hole merger resulting from…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-03 Ioannis Kamaretsos

We study the inspiral, merger and ringdown of unequal mass black hole binaries by analyzing a catalogue of numerical simulations for seven different values of the mass ratio (from q=M2/M1=1 to q=4). We compare numerical and Post-Newtonian…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Emanuele Berti , Vitor Cardoso , Jose A. Gonzalez , Ulrich Sperhake , Mark Hannam , Sascha Husa , Bernd Bruegmann

Merging binary black holes exhibit a ringdown phase in which they primarily emit gravitational waves in the shape of damped sinusoids corresponding to quasi-normal modes of the Kerr remnant. In general, each mode carries four degrees of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-18 Nicole Khusid , Will Farr , Max Isi

We propose two frequency-domain filters to analyze ringdown signals of binary black hole mergers. The first rational filter is constructed based on a set of (arbitrary) quasi-normal modes (QNMs) of the remnant black holes, whereas the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-12-13 Sizheng Ma , Keefe Mitman , Ling Sun , Nils Deppe , François Hébert , Lawrence E. Kidder , Jordan Moxon , William Throwe , Nils L. Vu , Yanbei Chen

The detection of quadratic quasi-normal modes would provide a direct probe into black hole nonlinear perturbations. We report the first observational evidence of a set of quadratic quasi-normal modes in the gravitational-wave ringdown of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-12 Yi-Fan Wang , Sizheng Ma , Neev Khera , Huan Yang

We report evidence for nonlinear modes in the ringdown stage of the gravitational waveform produced by the merger of two comparable-mass black holes. We consider both the coalescence of black hole binaries in quasicircular orbits and…

Spherical harmonic modes of gravitational waveforms for inspiraling compact binaries in eccentric orbits from post-Newtonian (PN) theory accurate to third post-Newtonian order, and those extracted from numerical relativity (NR) simulations…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-12-07 Abhishek Chattaraj , Tamal RoyChowdhury , Divyajyoti , Chandra Kant Mishra , Anshu Gupta

Gravitational wave signals from asymmetric binary black hole systems have been shown to exhibit additional chirps beyond the primary merger chirp in the post-merger region of the time-frequency domain. These secondary post-merger chirps…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-05-26 Chad Henshaw , Alice Heranval , Laura Cadonati

The ''ringdown'' stage of gravitational-wave signals from binary black hole mergers, mainly consisting of a superposition of quasinormal modes emitted by the merger remnant, is a key tool to test fundamental physics and to probe black hole…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-06 Francesco Crescimbeni , Gregorio Carullo , Emanuele Berti , Giada Caneva Santoro , Mark Ho-Yeuk Cheung , Paolo Pani

We have performed an extensive numerical study of coalescing black-hole binaries to understand the gravitational-wave spectrum of quasi-normal modes excited in the merged black hole. Remarkably, we find that the masses and spins of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-05 Ioannis Kamaretsos , Mark Hannam , B. Sathyaprakash

It is expected that all astrophysical black holes in equilibrium are well described by the Kerr solution. Moreover, any black hole far away from equilibrium, such as one initially formed in a compact binary merger or by the collapse of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-01-14 Pierre Mourier , Xisco Jiménez Forteza , Daniel Pook-Kolb , Badri Krishnan , Erik Schnetter

Gravitational waves from binary black hole mergers provide a glimpse of gravitational dynamics in its most extreme observable regime, potentially enabling precision tests of general relativity (GR) and of the Kerr description of black…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-14 Ayush Roy , Lorenzo Küchler , Adam Pound , Rodrigo Panosso Macedo

The ringdown of a perturbed black hole consists of a superposition of quasi-normal modes (QNMs), with complex frequencies determined by the black hole's mass and spin, while phases and amplitudes depend on binary parameters. Traditional…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-23 Koustav Chandra , Juan Calderón Bustillo

How long after the merger of two black holes can one rely on linear perturbation theory, and how many quasinormal modes are in the ringdown? Such questions suggest that black hole spectroscopy suffers from systematic uncertainties that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-30 Sebastian H. Völkel , Arnab Dhani

Over the past year, a handful of new gravitational wave models have been developed to include multiple harmonic modes thereby enabling for the first time fully Bayesian inference studies including higher modes to be performed. Using one…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-07-01 Feroz H. Shaik , Jacob Lange , Scott E. Field , Richard O'Shaughnessy , Vijay Varma , Lawrence E. Kidder , Harald P. Pfeiffer , Daniel Wysocki