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Due to the cumbersome nature of human evaluation and limitations of code-based evaluation, Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used to assist humans in evaluating LLM outputs. Yet LLM-generated evaluators simply inherit all…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Shreya Shankar , J. D. Zamfirescu-Pereira , Björn Hartmann , Aditya G. Parameswaran , Ian Arawjo

Human feedback is critical for aligning AI systems to human values. As AI capabilities improve and AI is used to tackle more challenging tasks, verifying quality and safety becomes increasingly challenging. This paper explores how we can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Rishub Jain , Sophie Bridgers , Lili Janzer , Rory Greig , Tian Huey Teh , Vladimir Mikulik

Societies often rely on human experts to take a wide variety of decisions affecting their members, from jail-or-release decisions taken by judges and stop-and-frisk decisions taken by police officers to accept-or-reject decisions taken by…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-29 Isabel Valera , Adish Singla , Manuel Gomez Rodriguez

We explore the effectiveness and reliability of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based grading system for a handwritten general chemistry exam, comparing AI-assigned scores to human grading across various types of questions. Exam pages and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Jan Cvengros , Gerd Kortemeyer

Accurate estimation of item (question or task) difficulty is critical for educational assessment but suffers from the cold start problem. While Large Language Models demonstrate superhuman problem-solving capabilities, it remains an open…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ming Li , Han Chen , Yunze Xiao , Jian Chen , Hong Jiao , Tianyi Zhou

In this work, we (1) introduce Curriculum Instruction Tuning, (2) explore the potential advantages of employing diverse curriculum strategies, and (3) delineate a synthetic instruction-response generation framework that complements our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Bruce W. Lee , Hyunsoo Cho , Kang Min Yoo

Automatic evaluation of various text quality criteria produced by data-driven intelligent methods is very common and useful because it is cheap, fast, and usually yields repeatable results. In this paper, we present an attempt to automate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-08 Erion Çano , Ondřej Bojar

Large language models (LLMs) enable rapid and consistent automated evaluation of open-ended exam responses, including dimensions of content and argumentation that have traditionally required human judgment. This is particularly important in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Andres Karjus , Kais Allkivi , Silvia Maine , Katarin Leppik , Krister Kruusmaa , Merilin Aruvee

With the popularity of massive open online courses, grading through crowdsourcing has become a prevalent approach towards large scale classes. However, for getting grades for complex tasks, which require specific skills and efforts for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-03-31 Lingyu Lyu , Mehmed Kantardzic

The evolving pedagogy paradigms are leading toward educational transformations. One fundamental aspect of effective learning is relevant, immediate, and constructive feedback to students. Providing constructive feedback to large cohorts in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Javed Ali Khan , Muhammad Yaqoob , Mamoona Tasadduq , Hafsa Shareef Dar , Aitezaz Ahsan

Large language modules (LLMs) have great potential for auto-grading student written responses to physics problems due to their capacity to process and generate natural language. In this explorative study, we use a prompt engineering…

Physics Education · Physics 2024-07-23 Zhongzhou Chen , Tong Wan

This project examines the prospect of using AI-generated feedback as suggestions to expedite and enhance human instructors' feedback provision. In particular, we focus on understanding the teaching assistants' perspectives on the quality of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Xinyi Lu , Aditya Mahesh , Zejia Shen , Mitchell Dudley , Larissa Sano , Xu Wang

Existing approaches to algorithmic fairness aim to ensure equitable outcomes if human decision-makers comply perfectly with algorithmic decisions. However, perfect compliance with the algorithm is rarely a reality or even a desirable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Haosen Ge , Hamsa Bastani , Osbert Bastani

Handwritten STEM exams capture open-ended reasoning and diagrams, but manual grading is slow and difficult to scale. We present an end-to-end workflow for grading scanned handwritten engineering quizzes with multimodal large language models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Janez Perš , Jon Muhovič , Andrej Košir , Boštjan Murovec

Using a high-stakes thermodynamics exam as sample (252~students, four multipart problems), we investigate the viability of four workflows for AI-assisted grading of handwritten student solutions. We find that the greatest challenge lies in…

Physics Education · Physics 2024-06-27 Gerd Kortemeyer , Julian Nöhl , Daria Onishchuk

This study illustrates how incorporating feedback-oriented annotations into the scoring pipeline can enhance the accuracy of automated essay scoring (AES). This approach is demonstrated with the Persuasive Essays for Rating, Selecting, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Christopher Ormerod

Automated decision systems increasingly rely on human oversight to ensure accuracy in uncertain cases. This paper presents a practical framework for optimizing such human-in-the-loop classification systems using a double-threshold policy.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Goran Muric , Steven Minton

Online Judge (OJ) systems are typically considered within programming-related courses as they yield fast and objective assessments of the code developed by the students. Such an evaluation generally provides a single decision based on a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Juan Ramón Rico-Juan , Víctor M. Sánchez-Cartagena , Jose J. Valero-Mas , Antonio Javier Gallego

Autograding short textual answers has become much more feasible due to the rise of NLP and the increased availability of question-answer pairs brought about by a shift to online education. Autograding performance is still inferior to human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Johannes Schneider , Robin Richner , Micha Riser

In large programming classes, it takes a significant effort from teachers to evaluate exercises and provide detailed feedback. In systems programming, test cases are not sufficient to assess exercises, since concurrency and resource…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Roberto Natella