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The subword complexity of a finite word $w$ of length $N$ is a function which associates to each $n\le N$ the number of all distinct subwords of $w$ having the length $n$. We define the \emph{maximal complexity} C(w) as the maximum of the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2010-02-16 M-C. Anisiu , Z. Blazsik , Z. Kasa

We fully classify automatic sequences $a$ over a finite alphabet $\Omega$ with the property that each word over $\Omega$ appears is $a$ along an arithmetic progression. Using the terminology introduced by Avgustinovich, Fon-Der-Flaass and…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-02-08 Jakub Konieczny , Clemens Müllner

In this paper, we study the word problem for automaton semigroups and automaton groups from a complexity point of view. As an intermediate concept between automaton semigroups and automaton groups, we introduce automaton-inverse semigroups,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-06-29 Daniele D'Angeli , Emanuele Rodaro , Jan Philipp Wächter

This paper is the extended version of On the Complexity of Infinite Advice Strings (ICALP 2018). We investigate a notion of comparison between infinite strings. In a general way, if M is a computation model (e.g. Turing machines) and C a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-07-19 Gaëtan Douéneau-Tabot

The critical exponent of an infinite word $\bf x$ is the supremum, over all finite nonempty factors $f$, of the exponent of $f$. In this note we show that for all integers $k\geq 2,$ there is a binary infinite $k$-automatic sequence with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-25 J. -P. Allouche , N. Rampersad , J. Shallit

If an infinite non-periodic word is uniformly recurrent or is of bounded repetition, then the limit of its periodicity complexity is infinity. Moreover, there are uniformly recurrent words with the periodicity complexity arbitrarily high at…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-12-18 Štěpán Holub

The initial non-repetitive complexity function of an infinite word x (first defined by Moothathu) is the function of n that counts the number of distinct factors of length n that appear at the beginning of x prior to the first repetition of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-01-15 Jeremy Nicholson , Narad Rampersad

Shallit and Wang studied deterministic automatic complexity of words. They showed that the automatic Hausdorff dimension $I(\mathbf t)$ of the infinite Thue word satisfies $1/3\le I(\mathbf t)\le 2/3$. We improve that result by showing that…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-03 Kayleigh Hyde , Bjørn Kjos-Hanssen

The paper explores combinatorial properties of Fibonacci words and their generalizations within the framework of combinatorics on words. These infinite sequences, measures the diversity of subwords in Fibonacci words, showing non-decreasing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-04-10 Jasem Hamoud , Duaa Abdullah

According to a result of Richomme, Saari and Zamboni, the abelian complexity of the Tribonacci word satisfies $\rho^{\mathrm{ab}}(n)\in\{3,4,5,6,7\}$ for each $n\in\mathbb{N}$. In this paper we derive an automaton that evaluates the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-02-18 Ondřej Turek

Following Inoue et al., we define a word to be a repetition if it is a (fractional) power of exponent at least 2. A word has a repetition factorization if it is the product of repetitions. We study repetition factorizations in several…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Jeffrey Shallit , Xinhao Xu

We exhibit the construction of a deterministic automaton that, given k > 0, recognizes the (regular) language of k-differentiable words. Our approach follows a scheme of Crochemore et al. based on minimal forbidden words. We extend this…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-03-18 Jean-Marc Fédou , Gabriele Fici

Fibonacci word is the archetype of the Sturmian word, and it is one of the most studied of combinatorics on words. We studied the properties of the Fibonacci word and found its density for limited value then by calculating the limit…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-04-10 Duaa Abdullah , Jasem Hamoud

We introduce and study a complexity function on words $c_x(n),$ called \emph{cyclic complexity}, which counts the number of conjugacy classes of factors of length $n$ of an infinite word $x.$ We extend the well-known Morse-Hedlund theorem…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-06-29 Julien Cassaigne , Gabriele Fici , Marinella Sciortino , Luca Q. Zamboni

The non-repetitive complexity $nr\mathcal{C}_{\bf u}$ and the initial non-repetitive complexity $inr\mathcal{C}_{\bf u}$ are functions which reflect the structure of the infinite word ${\bf u}$ with respect to the repetitions of factors of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-03-02 Kateřina Medková , Edita Pelantová , Élise Vandomme

We answer two open questions by (Gruber, Holzer, Kutrib, 2009) on the state-complexity of representing sub- or superword closures of context-free grammars (CFGs): (1) We prove a (tight) upper bound of $2^{\mathcal{O}(n)}$ on the size of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-10-24 Georg Bachmeier , Michael Luttenberger , Maximilian Schlund

The complexity function of an infinite word $w$ on a finite alphabet $A$ is the sequence counting, for each non-negative $n$, the number of words of length $n$ on the alphabet $A$ that are factors of the infinite word $w$. For any given…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2018-03-01 C. Mauduit , C. -G. Moreira

In this paper we study the asymptotic behaviour of two relatively new complexity functions defined on infinite words and their relationship to periodicity. Given a factor $u$ of an infinite word $x$, we say $u$ is closed if it is a letter…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-01-04 O. Parshina , M. Postic

We investigate the nondeterministic state complexity of basic operations for suffix-free regular languages. The nondeterministic state complexity of an operation is the number of states that are necessary and sufficient in the worst-case…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2010-08-11 Yo-Sub Han , Kai Salomaa

We implement a decision procedure for answering questions about a class of infinite words that might be called (for lack of a better name) "Fibonacci-automatic". This class includes, for example, the famous Fibonacci word f = 01001010...,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-07-29 Chen Fei Du , Hamoon Mousavi , Luke Schaeffer , Jeffrey Shallit
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