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This paper investigates the a-posteriori analysis of Branch-and-Bound~(BB) trees to extract structural information about the feasible region of mixed-binary linear programs. We introduce three novel outer approximations of the feasible…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-14 Marius Roland , Nagisa Sugishita , Alexandre Forel , Youssouf Emine , Ricardo Fukasawa , Thibaut Vidal

A central limit theorem for binary tree is numerically examined. Two types of central limit theorem for higher-order branches are formulated. A topological structure of a binary tree is expressed by a binary sequence, and the…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2013-04-10 Ken Yamamoto , Yoshihiro Yamazaki

Several real-world and abstract structures and systems are characterized by marked hierarchy to the point of being expressed as trees. Because the study of these entities often involves sampling (or discovering) the tree nodes in a specific…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-04-18 Alexandre Benatti , Luciano da F. Costa

We consider both analytically and numerically creation conditions of diverse hierarchical trees. A connection between the probabilities to create hierarchical levels and the probability to associate these levels into united structure is…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-07-01 A I Olemskoi , S S Borysov , I A Shuda

Link-based data structures, such as linked lists and binary search trees, have many well-known rearrangement steps allowing for efficient implementations of insertion, deletion, and other operations. We describe a rearrangement primitive…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-03-02 Boris Alexeev , M. Brian Jacokes

Much information about a graph can be obtained by studying its spanning trees. On the other hand, a graph can be regarded as a 1-dimensional cell complex, raising the question of developing a theory of trees in higher dimension. As observed…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-06-24 Art M. Duval , Caroline J. Klivans , Jeremy L. Martin

Net-trees are a general purpose data structure for metric data that have been used to solve a wide range of algorithmic problems. We give a simple randomized algorithm to construct net-trees on doubling metrics using $O(n\log n)$ time in…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2018-09-06 Mahmoodreza Jahanseir , Donald R. Sheehy

We study the extreme local structure of plane binary trees through the distribution of leaves at maximum depth. We first address two basic questions: (i) the asymptotic probability that exactly two leaves occur at the deepest level, and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-14 Olivier Bodini , Antoine Genitrini , Khaydar Nurligareev

The minimum height of vertex and edge partition trees are well-studied graph parameters known as, for instance, vertex and edge ranking number. While they are NP-hard to determine in general, linear-time algorithms exist for trees.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-05-26 Svein Høgemo , Benjamin Bergougnoux , Ulrik Brandes , Christophe Paul , Jan Arne Telle

Plane increasing trees are rooted labeled trees embedded into the plane such that the sequence of labels is increasing on any branch starting at the root. Relaxed binary trees are a subclass of unlabeled directed acyclic graphs. We…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-07-12 Michael Wallner

A decision tree looks like a simple directed acyclic computational graph, where only the leaf nodes specify the output values and the non-terminals specify their tests or split conditions. From the numerical perspective, we express decision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Jinxiong Zhang

The binary indexed tree, or Fenwick tree, is a data structure that can efficiently update values and calculate prefix sums in an array. It allows both of these operations to be performed in $O(\log_2 N)$ time. Here we present a novel data…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Brent Harrison , Jason Necaise , Andrew Projansky , James D. Whitfield

Binary trees are fundamental objects in models of evolutionary biology and population genetics. Here, we discuss some of their combinatorial and structural properties as they depend on the tree class considered. Furthermore, the process by…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2021-06-30 Thomas Wiehe

We look at a family of meta-Fibonacci sequences which arise in studying the number of leaves at the largest level in certain infinite sequences of binary trees, restricted compositions of an integer, and binary compact codes. For this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Brad Jackson , Frank Ruskey

The wavelet tree (Grossi et al. [SODA, 2003]) and wavelet matrix (Claude et al. [Inf. Syst., 2015]) are compact data structures with many applications such as text indexing or computational geometry. By continuing the recent research of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Patrick Dinklage

We study the average height of random trees generated by leaf-centric binary tree sources as introduced by Zhang, Yang and Kieffer. A leaf-centric binary tree source induces for every $n \geq 2$ a probability distribution on the set of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-29 Louisa Seelbach Benkner

Binary jumbled pattern matching asks to preprocess a binary string $S$ in order to answer queries $(i,j)$ which ask for a substring of $S$ that is of length $i$ and has exactly $j$ 1-bits. This problem naturally generalizes to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-07-01 Travis Gagie , Danny Hermelin , Gad M. Landau , Oren Weimann

In this paper we present novel algorithmic techniques with a O(H(N)+N/H(N)) time complexity for performing several types of queries and updates on general rooted trees, binary search trees and lists of size N. For rooted trees we introduce…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-03-25 Mugurel Ionut Andreica

Following Poupard's study of strictly ordered binary trees with respect to two parameters, namely, "end of minimal chain" and "parent of maximum leaf" a true Tree Calculus is being developed to solve a partial difference equation system and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-04-10 Dominique Foata , Guo-Niu Han

We are interested in the quantitative analysis of the compaction ratio for two classical families of trees: recursive trees and plane binary increasing trees. These families are typical representatives of tree models with a small depth.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-09-14 Olivier Bodini , Antoine Genitrini , Bernhard Gittenberger , Isabella Larcher , Mehdi Naima