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Binary phylogenetic trees inferred from biological data are central to understanding the shared history among evolutionary units. However, inferring the placement of latent nodes in a tree is computationally expensive. State-of-the-art…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-26 Matthew J Penn , Neil Scheidwasser , Mark P Khurana , David A Duchêne , Christl A Donnelly , Samir Bhatt

Let $n$ denote the number of elements currently in a data structure. An in-place heap is stored in the first $n$ locations of an array, uses $O(1)$ extra space, and supports the operations: minimum, insert, and extract-min. We introduce an…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-07-15 Stefan Edelkamp , Jyrki Katajainen , Amr Elmasry

We introduce the zip tree, a form of randomized binary search tree that integrates previous ideas into one practical, performant, and pleasant-to-implement package. A zip tree is a binary search tree in which each node has a numeric rank…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Robert E. Tarjan , Caleb C. Levy , Stephen Timmel

This extended abstract is dedicated to the analysis of the height of non-plane unlabelled rooted binary trees. The height of such a tree chosen uniformly among those of size $n$ is proved to have a limiting theta distribution, both in a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-07-16 Nicolas Broutin , Philippe Flajolet

We study learning-augmented binary search trees (BSTs) via Treaps with carefully designed priorities. The result is a simple search tree in which the depth of each item $x$ is determined by its predicted weight $w_x$. Specifically, each…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Jingbang Chen , Xinyuan Cao , Alicia Stepin , Li Chen

The structure of an evolving network contains information about its past. Extracting this information efficiently, however, is, in general, a difficult challenge. We formulate a fast and efficient method to estimate the most likely history…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-09-16 Gábor Timár , Rui A. da Costa , Sergey N. Dorogovtsev , José F. F. Mendes

We suggest a new non-recursive algorithm for constructing a binary search tree given an array of numbers. The algorithm has $O(N)$ time and $O(1)$ memory complexity if the given array of $N$ numbers is sorted. The resulting tree is of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Pavel S. Ruzankin

In this note we discuss trees similar to the Calkin-Wilf tree, a binary tree that enumerates all positive rational numbers in a simple way. The original construction of Calkin and Wilf is reformulated in a more algebraic language, and an…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2012-01-10 Robert A. Kucharczyk

Decision trees are popular machine learning models that are simple to build and easy to interpret. Even though algorithms to learn decision trees date back to almost 50 years, key properties affecting their generalization error are still…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Jean-Samuel Leboeuf , Frédéric LeBlanc , Mario Marchand

The Binary Search Tree (BST) is average in computer science which supports a compact data structure in memory and oneself even conducts a row of quick algorithms, by which people often apply it in dynamical circumstance. Besides these…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-10-05 Yong Tan

Visual localization algorithms have achieved significant improvements in performance thanks to recent advances in camera technology and vision-based techniques. However, there remains one critical caveat: all current approaches that are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-01 Huu Le , Tuan Hoang , Michael Milford

Avraham et al. [AFK+15] presented an alternative approach to parametric search, called \emph{bifurcation}, that performs faster under certain circumstances. Intuitively, when the underlying decider execution can be rolled back cheaply and…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Sariel Har-Peled

The Fibonacci heap is a classic data structure that supports deletions in logarithmic amortized time and all other heap operations in O(1) amortized time. We explore the design space of this data structure. We propose a version with the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-07-23 Haim Kaplan , Robert E. Tarjan , Uri Zwick

In a first part, we formalize the construction of combinatorial Hopf algebras from plactic-like monoids using polynomial realizations. Thank to this construction we reveal a lattice structure on those combinatorial Hopf algebras. As an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-03-25 Jean-Baptiste Priez

The relationship between two important problems in tree pattern matching, the largest common subtree and the smallest common supertree problems, is established by means of simple constructions, which allow one to obtain a largest common…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Francesc Rossello , Gabriel Valiente

An AVL tree is the original type of balanced binary search tree. An insertion in an $n$-node AVL tree takes at most two rotations, but a deletion in an $n$-node AVL tree can take $\Theta(\log n)$. A natural question is whether deletions can…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-06-12 Mahdi Amani , Kevin A. Lai , Robert E. Tarjan

When considering the number of subtrees of trees, the extremal structures which maximize this number among binary trees and trees with a given maximum degree lead to some interesting facts that correlate to other graphical indices in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-10-11 Xiu-Mei Zhang , Xiao-Dong Zhang , Daniel Gray , Hua Wang

We introduce tree dimension and its leveled variant in order to measure the complexity of leaf sets in binary trees. We then provide a tight upper bound on the size of such sets using leveled tree dimension. This, in turn, implies both the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-05-24 Roland Walker

We present several results about position heaps, a relatively new alternative to suffix trees and suffix arrays. First, we show that, if we limit the maximum length of patterns to be sought, then we can also limit the height of the heap and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-01-15 Travis Gagie , Wing-Kai Hon , Tsung-Han Ku

Work introduces a hierarchical binary tree-based reduction that replaces standard self-attention. The core idea is to use a recursive Gated Linear Unit merge operation, achieving O(n) total merge operations O(log n) parallel depth O(n d^2)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Igor Berezkin