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What proportion of treated units actually benefited from an experimental intervention? What is the median or the largest individual treatment effect? This paper develops methods for answering such questions about the distribution of…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-11 David Kim , Yongchang Su , Jake Bowers , Xinran Li

The problem of detecting changes in covariance for a single pair of features has been studied in some detail, but may be limited in importance or general applicability. In contrast, testing equality of covariance matrices of a {\it set} of…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-12-12 Yi-Hui Zhou

A core strength of knockoff methods is their virtually limitless customizability, allowing an analyst to exploit machine learning algorithms and domain knowledge without threatening the method's robust finite-sample false discovery rate…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-07-15 Xiao Li , William Fithian

Randomization tests are a popular method for testing causal effects in clinical trials with finite-sample validity. In the presence of heterogeneous treatment effects, it is often of interest to select a subgroup that benefits from the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-29 Zijun Gao

The knockoff filter of Barber and Candes (arXiv:1404.5609) is a flexible framework for multiple testing in supervised learning models, based on introducing synthetic predictor variables to control the false discovery rate (FDR). Using the…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-26 Yixiang Luo , William Fithian , Lihua Lei

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT)s are relied upon to assess new treatments, but suffer from limited power to guide personalized treatment decisions. On the other hand, observational (i.e., non-experimental) studies have large and diverse…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-07 Zeshan Hussain , Ming-Chieh Shih , Michael Oberst , Ilker Demirel , David Sontag

A benefit of randomized experiments is that covariate distributions of treatment and control groups are balanced on average, resulting in simple unbiased estimators for treatment effects. However, it is possible that a particular…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-02-01 Zach Branson , Luke Miratrix

It is a common saying that testing for conditional independence, i.e., testing whether whether two random vectors $X$ and $Y$ are independent, given $Z$, is a hard statistical problem if $Z$ is a continuous random variable (or vector). In…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-03-25 Rajen D. Shah , Jonas Peters

An important problem in machine learning and statistics is to identify features that causally affect the outcome. This is often impossible to do from purely observational data, and a natural relaxation is to identify features that are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-05-30 Jaime Roquero Gimenez , Amirata Ghorbani , James Zou

Testing multiple hypotheses of conditional independence with provable error rate control is a fundamental problem with various applications. To infer conditional independence with family-wise error rate (FWER) control when only summary…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-17 Catherine Xinrui Yu , Jiaqi Gu , Zhaomeng Chen , Zihuai He

We propose the holdout randomization test (HRT), an approach to feature selection using black box predictive models. The HRT is a specialized version of the conditional randomization test (CRT; Candes et al., 2018) that uses data splitting…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-03-23 Wesley Tansey , Victor Veitch , Haoran Zhang , Raul Rabadan , David M. Blei

We introduce a new test for conditional independence which is based on what we call the weighted generalised covariance measure (WGCM). It is an extension of the recently introduced generalised covariance measure (GCM). To test the null…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-17 Cyrill Scheidegger , Julia Hörrmann , Peter Bühlmann

We consider the conditional randomization test as a way to account for covariate imbalance in randomized experiments. The test accounts for covariate imbalance by comparing the observed test statistic to the null distribution of the test…

Thanks to its fine balance between model flexibility and interpretability, the nonparametric additive model has been widely used, and variable selection for this type of model has been frequently studied. However, none of the existing…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-01-10 Xiaowu Dai , Xiang Lyu , Lexin Li

Recently, the scheme of model-X knockoffs was proposed as a promising solution to address controlled feature selection under high-dimensional finite-sample settings. However, the procedure of model-X knockoffs depends heavily on the…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-10 Xuebin Zhao , Hong Chen , Yingjie Wang , Weifu Li , Tieliang Gong , Yulong Wang , Feng Zheng

We consider the problem of evaluating designs for a two-arm randomized experiment with the criterion being the power of the randomization test for the one-sided null hypothesis. Our evaluation assumes a response that is linear in one…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-14 Abba M. Krieger , David Azriel , Michael Sklar , Adam Kapelner

We propose the conditional predictive impact (CPI), a consistent and unbiased estimator of the association between one or several features and a given outcome, conditional on a reduced feature set. Building on the knockoff framework of…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-14 David S. Watson , Marvin N. Wright

We extend Fisher's randomization test (FRT) to test conditional independence between observed outcomes and treatments given covariates in both randomized experiments and observational studies, with no restriction on the variable type of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-12 Zhen Zhong

We study properties of two resampling scenarios: Conditional Randomisation and Conditional Permutation schemes, which are relevant for testing conditional independence of discrete random variables $X$ and $Y$ given a random variable $Z$.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-04-14 Małgorzata Łazęcka , Bartosz Kołodziejek , Jan Mielniczuk

External controls from historical trials or observational data can augment randomized controlled trials when large-scale randomization is impractical or unethical, such as in drug evaluation for rare diseases. However, non-randomized…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-08 Ke Zhu , Shu Yang , Xiaofei Wang