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Controlling the False Discovery Rate (FDR) is critical for reproducible variable selection, especially given the prevalence of complex predictive modeling. The recent Split Knockoff method, an extension of the canonical Knockoffs framework,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-05 Yang Cao , Hangyu Lin , Xinwei Sun , Yuan Yao

Stepped wedge cluster randomized trials (SW-CRTs) are a form of randomized trial whereby clusters are progressively transitioned from control to intervention, with the timing of transition randomized for each cluster. An important task at…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-27 Mary Ryan Baumann , Denise Esserman , Monica Taljaard , Fan Li

The theocratical properties of the power of the conventional testing hypotheses and the selection bias are usually unknown under covariate-adaptive randomized clinical trials. In the literature, most studies are based on simulations. In…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-05-04 Li-Xin Zhang

The spatial interaction between two or more classes of points may cause spatial clustering patterns such as segregation or association, which can be tested using a nearest neighbor contingency table (NNCT). A NNCT is constructed using the…

Methodology · Statistics 2008-07-29 Elvan Ceyhan

Hybrid type 2 studies are gaining popularity for their ability to assess both implementation and health outcomes as co-primary endpoints. Often conducted as cluster-randomized trials (CRTs), five design methods can validly power these…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-18 Melody Owen , Fan Li , Ruyi Liu , Donna Spiegelman

In many fields of science, we observe a response variable together with a large number of potential explanatory variables, and would like to be able to discover which variables are truly associated with the response. At the same time, we…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-10-15 Rina Foygel Barber , Emmanuel J. Candès

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) often adjust for baseline covariates in order to increase power. This technical note provides a short derivation of a simple rule of thumb for approximating the ratio of the power of an adjusted analysis…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-16 Charles K. Fisher

This paper introduces an innovative method for conducting conditional independence testing in high-dimensional data, facilitating the automated discovery of significant associations within distinct subgroups of a population, all while…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-19 Matteo Sesia , Tianshu Sun

We consider the problem of assessing the importance of multiple variables or factors from a dataset when side information is available. In principle, using side information can allow the statistician to pay attention to variables with a…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-01-23 Zhimei Ren , Emmanuel Candès

We consider problems where many, somewhat redundant, hypotheses are tested and we are interested in reporting the most precise rejections, with false discovery rate (FDR) control. This is the case, for example, when researchers are…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-23 Paula Gablenz , Chiara Sabatti

In recent work, Azadkia and Chatterjee (2021) laid out an ingenious approach to defining consistent measures of conditional dependence. Their fully nonparametric approach forms statistics based on ranks and nearest neighbor graphs. The…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-09-26 Hongjian Shi , Mathias Drton , Fang Han

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are increasingly prevalent in education research, and are often regarded as a gold standard of causal inference. Two main virtues of randomized experiments are that they (1) do not suffer from…

Variable selection can be performed by testing conditional independence (CI) between each predictor and the response, given the other predictors. A doubly robust and powerful option for these CI tests is the projected covariance measure…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-10 Abhinav Chakraborty , Jeffrey Zhang , Eugene Katsevich

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) often include subgroup analyses to assess whether treatment effects vary across pre-specified patient populations. However, these analyses frequently suffer from small sample sizes which limit the power…

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with binary primary endpoints introduce novel challenges for inferring the causal effects of treatments. The most significant challenge is non-collapsibility, in which the conditional odds ratio estimand…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-01 Yunfan Li , Arman Sabbaghi , Jonathan R. Walsh , Charles K. Fisher

Recent advances have shown that statistical tests for the rank of cross-covariance matrices play an important role in causal discovery. These rank tests include partial correlation tests as special cases and provide further graphical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Xinshuai Dong , Ignavier Ng , Boyang Sun , Haoyue Dai , Guang-Yuan Hao , Shunxing Fan , Peter Spirtes , Yumou Qiu , Kun Zhang

Conditional independence testing (CIT) is essential for reliable scientific discovery. It prevents spurious findings and enables controlled feature selection. Recent CIT methods have used machine learning (ML) models as surrogates of the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-02 Angel Reyero-Lobo , Bertrand Thirion , Pierre Neuvial

Leveraging external controls -- relevant individual patient data under control from external trials or real-world data -- has the potential to reduce the cost of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) while increasing the proportion of trial…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-13 Yanyao Yi , Ying Zhang , Yu Du , Ting Ye

Knockoffs are a popular statistical framework that addresses the challenging problem of conditional variable selection in high-dimensional settings with statistical control. Such statistical control is essential for the reliability of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-30 Alexandre Blain , Angel Reyero Lobo , Julia Linhart , Bertrand Thirion , Pierre Neuvial

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) are the current gold standards to empirically measure the effect of a new drug. However, they may be of limited size and resorting to complementary non-randomized data, referred to as observational, is…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-11 Ahmed Boughdiri , Julie Josse , Erwan Scornet