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Automatic conversation systems based on natural language responses are becoming ubiquitous, in part, due to major advances in computational linguistics and machine learning. The easy access to robust and affordable platforms are causing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Pablo Rivas , Chelsi Chelsi , Nishit Nishit , Laharika Ravula

Bots are software systems designed to support users by automating a specific process, task, or activity. When such systems implement a conversational component to interact with the users, they are also known as conversational agents. Bots,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Stefano Lambiase , Gemma Catolino , Fabio Palomba , Filomena Ferrucci

Various studies have been conducted on human-supporting robot systems. These systems have been put to practical use over the years and are now seen in our daily lives. In particular, robots communicating smoothly with people are expected to…

Most online information sources are text-based and in Western Languages like English. However, many new and first time users of the Internet are in contexts with low English proficiency and are unable to access vital information online.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Anurag Aribandi , Divyanshu Agrawal , Dipanjan Chakraborty

Apart from the coherence and fluency of responses, an empathetic chatbot emphasizes more on people's feelings. By considering altruistic behaviors between human interaction, empathetic chatbots enable people to get a better interactive and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Jiun-Hao Jhan , Chao-Peng Liu , Shyh-Kang Jeng , Hung-Yi Lee

Evaluating chatbot fairness is crucial given their rapid proliferation, yet typical chatbot tasks (e.g., resume writing, entertainment) diverge from the institutional decision-making tasks (e.g., resume screening) which have traditionally…

Full-duplex spoken dialogue systems promise to transform human-machine interaction from a rigid, turn-based protocol into a fluid, natural conversation. However, the central challenge to realizing this vision, managing overlapping speech,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Guan-Ting Lin , Shih-Yun Shan Kuan , Qirui Wang , Jiachen Lian , Tingle Li , Shinji Watanabe , Hung-yi Lee

Existing reference-free turn-level evaluation metrics for chatbots inadequately capture the interaction between the user and the system. Consequently, they often correlate poorly with human evaluations. To address this issue, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Liliang Ren , Mankeerat Sidhu , Qi Zeng , Revanth Gangi Reddy , Heng Ji , ChengXiang Zhai

While theories of discourse and cognitive science have long recognized the value of unhurried pacing, recent dialogue research tends to minimize friction in conversational systems. Yet, frictionless dialogue risks fostering uncritical…

With the rise of individual and collaborative networks of autonomous agents, AI is deployed in more key reasoning and decision-making roles. For this reason, ethics-based audits play a pivotal role in the rapidly growing fields of AI safety…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Jon Chun , Katherine Elkins

The conversational nature of chatbots poses challenges to designers since their development is different from other software and requires investigating new practices in the context of human-AI interaction and their impact on user…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Geovana Ramos Sousa Silva , Edna Dias Canedo

Context: Online collaborative creation of models is becoming commonplace. Collaborative modeling using chatbots and natural language may lower the barriers to modeling for users from different domains. Objective: We compare the perceived…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Ranci Ren , John W. Castro , Santiago R. Acuña , Oscar Dieste , Silvia T. Acuña

Encoder-decoder based neural architectures serve as the basis of state-of-the-art approaches in end-to-end open domain dialog systems. Since most of such systems are trained with a maximum likelihood~(MLE) objective they suffer from issues…

Empathy, as defined in behavioral sciences, expresses the ability of human beings to recognize, understand and react to emotions, attitudes and beliefs of others. The lack of an operational definition of empathy makes it difficult to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-01 Firoj Alam , Morena Danieli , Giuseppe Riccardi

Chatbots' role in fostering self-reflection is now widely recognized, especially in inducing users' behavior change. While the benefits of 24/7 availability, scalability, and consistent responses have been demonstrated in contexts such as…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Riku Arakawa , Hiromu Yakura

While modern dialogue systems heavily rely on large language models (LLMs), their implementation often goes beyond pure LLM interaction. Developers integrate multiple LLMs, external tools, and databases. Therefore, assessment of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Roman Mayr , Michel Schimpf , Thomas Bohné

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing, with frameworks like Chatbot Arena providing pioneering platforms for evaluating these models. By facilitating millions of pairwise comparisons based on human…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-02 Siavash Ameli , Siyuan Zhuang , Ion Stoica , Michael W. Mahoney

Current conversational AI systems often provide generic, one-size-fits-all interactions that overlook individual user characteristics and lack adaptive dialogue management. To address this gap, we introduce \textbf{HumAIne-chatbot}, an…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Georgios Makridis , George Fragiadakis , Jorge Oliveira , Tomaz Saraiva , Philip Mavrepis , Georgios Fatouros , Dimosthenis Kyriazis

In spoken dialogue systems, we aim to deploy artificial intelligence to build automated dialogue agents that can converse with humans. Dialogue systems are increasingly being designed to move beyond just imitating conversation and also…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Atharv Singh Patlan , Shiven Tripathi , Shubham Korde

Generative Artificial Intelligence is set to revolutionize healthcare delivery by transforming traditional patient care into a more personalized, efficient, and proactive process. Chatbots, serving as interactive conversational models, will…