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Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) is the primary metric for ranking models in data-driven generative modeling. While remarkably successful, the metric is known to sometimes disagree with human judgement. We investigate a root cause of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Tuomas Kynkäänniemi , Tero Karras , Miika Aittala , Timo Aila , Jaakko Lehtinen

Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID), computed with an ImageNet pretrained Inception-v3 network, is widely used as a state-of-the-art evaluation metric for generative models. It assumes that feature vectors from Inception-v3 follow a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Yuli Wu , Fucheng Liu , Rüveyda Yilmaz , Henning Konermann , Peter Walter , Johannes Stegmaier

The growth of generative adversarial network (GAN) models has increased the ability of image processing and provides numerous industries with the technology to produce realistic image transformations. However, with the field being recently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Ricardo de Deijn , Aishwarya Batra , Brandon Koch , Naseef Mansoor , Hema Makkena

The rapid advancement of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) necessitates the need to robustly evaluate these models. Among the established evaluation criteria, the Fr\'{e}chetInception Distance (FID) has been widely adopted due to its…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Lorenzo Luzi , Helen Jenne , Ryan Murray , Carlos Ortiz Marrero

We show that Fr\'echet Distance (FD), long considered impractical as a training objective, can in fact be effectively optimized in the representation space. Our idea is simple: decouple the population size for FD estimation (e.g., 50k) from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jiawei Yang , Zhengyang Geng , Xuan Ju , Yonglong Tian , Yue Wang

Feature embeddings acquired from pretrained models are widely used in medical applications of deep learning to assess the characteristics of datasets; e.g. to determine the quality of synthetic, generated medical images. The Fr\'{e}chet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ciaran Bench , Vivek Desai , Carlijn Roozemond , Ruben van Engen , Spencer A. Thomas

Recent advances in generative modeling have led to an increased interest in the study of statistical divergences as means of model comparison. Commonly used evaluation methods, such as the Frechet Inception Distance (FID), correlate well…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-30 Mehdi S. M. Sajjadi , Olivier Bachem , Mario Lucic , Olivier Bousquet , Sylvain Gelly

As with many machine learning problems, the progress of image generation methods hinges on good evaluation metrics. One of the most popular is the Frechet Inception Distance (FID). FID estimates the distance between a distribution of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Sadeep Jayasumana , Srikumar Ramalingam , Andreas Veit , Daniel Glasner , Ayan Chakrabarti , Sanjiv Kumar

Generative adversarial networks or GANs are a type of generative modeling framework. GANs involve a pair of neural networks engaged in a competition in iteratively creating fake data, indistinguishable from the real data. One notable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Eric J. Nunn , Pejman Khadivi , Shadrokh Samavi

The success of deep learning-based generative models in producing realistic images, videos, and audios has led to a crucial consideration: how to effectively assess the quality of synthetic samples. While the Fr\'{e}chet Inception Distance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Yang Chen , Dustin J. Kempton , Rafal A. Angryk

We propose the Monge Inception Distance (MIND), a metric for evaluating generative models that addresses key limitations of the widely adopted Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID). The MIND metric leverages the sliced Wasserstein distance to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Quentin Berthet , Yu-Han Wu , Clement Crepy , Romuald Elie , Klaus Greff , Michael Eli Sander

Implicit generative models, which do not return likelihood values, such as generative adversarial networks and diffusion models, have become prevalent in recent years. While it is true that these models have shown remarkable results,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Eyal Betzalel , Coby Penso , Aviv Navon , Ethan Fetaya

Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) is widely used to evaluate image generators, yet lower FID does not always correspond to better sample quality. We show that this mismatch depends in part on the geometry of the reference dataset. In a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yunghee Lee , Byeonghyun Pak

Modern metrics for generative learning like Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) and DINOv2-Fr\'echet Distance (FD-DINOv2) demonstrate impressive performance. However, they suffer from various shortcomings, like a bias towards specific…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lokesh Veeramacheneni , Moritz Wolter , Hildegard Kuehne , Juergen Gall

Perceptual metrics, like the Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID), are widely used to assess the similarity between synthetically generated and ground truth (real) images. The key idea behind these metrics is to compute errors in a deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Krish Kabra , Guha Balakrishnan

The evaluation of deep generative models has been extensively studied in the centralized setting, where the reference data are drawn from a single probability distribution. On the other hand, several applications of generative models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Zixiao Wang , Farzan Farnia , Zhenghao Lin , Yunheng Shen , Bei Yu

In this paper, we propose an improved quantitative evaluation framework for Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) on generating domain-specific images, where we improve conventional evaluation methods on two levels: the feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-23 Shaohui Liu , Yi Wei , Jiwen Lu , Jie Zhou

We introduce a new metric to assess the quality of generated images that is more reliable, data-efficient, compute-efficient, and adaptable to new domains than the previous metrics, such as Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID). The proposed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Pranav Jeevan , Neeraj Nixon , Amit Sethi

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) models in smart grids have advanced significantly in recent years due to their ability to generate large amounts of synthetic data, which would otherwise be difficult to obtain in the real world due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yuting Cai , Shaohuai Liu , Chao Tian , Le Xie

This work evaluates the robustness of quality measures of generative models such as Inception Score (IS) and Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID). Analogous to the vulnerability of deep models against a variety of adversarial attacks, we show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Motasem Alfarra , Juan C. Pérez , Anna Frühstück , Philip H. S. Torr , Peter Wonka , Bernard Ghanem
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