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This paper shows that two commonly used evaluation metrics for generative models, the Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) and the Inception Score (IS), are biased -- the expected value of the score computed for a finite sample set is not the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Min Jin Chong , David Forsyth

A great interest has arisen in using Deep Generative Models (DGM) for generative design. When assessing the quality of the generated designs, human designers focus more on structural plausibility, e.g., no missing component, rather than…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Jiajie Fan , Amal Trigui , Thomas Bäck , Hao Wang

Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) is a widely used metric for assessing synthetic image quality. It relies on an ImageNet-based feature extractor, making its applicability to medical imaging unclear. A recent trend is to adapt FID to…

We develop a measure for evaluating the performance of generative networks given two sets of images. A popular performance measure currently used to do this is the Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID). FID assumes that images featurized using…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Lorenzo Luzi , Carlos Ortiz Marrero , Nile Wynar , Richard G. Baraniuk , Michael J. Henry

The rapid advancement of natural language processing, information retrieval (IR), computer vision, and other technologies has presented significant challenges in evaluating the performance of these systems. One of the main challenges is the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Negar Arabzadeh , Charles L. A. Clarke

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) face a significant challenge of striking an optimal balance between high-quality image generation and training stability. Recent techniques, such as DCGAN, BigGAN, and StyleGAN, improve visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Ahmed A. Hashim , Ali Al-Shuwaili , Asraa Saeed , Ali Al-Bayaty

This note provides a chronological account of Fr\'echet distances, starting with Maurice Fr\'echet's 1906 doctoral thesis on distances in abstract sets and tracing the Fr\'echet distance between polygonal curves and its algorithmic…

General Literature · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yuli Wu

We present two new metrics for evaluating generative models in the class-conditional image generation setting. These metrics are obtained by generalizing the two most popular unconditional metrics: the Inception Score (IS) and the Fre'chet…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Yaniv Benny , Tomer Galanti , Sagie Benaim , Lior Wolf

It is well known that the reconstruction FID (rFID) of a VAE is poorly correlated with the generation FID (gFID) of a latent diffusion model. We propose interpolated FID (iFID), a simple variant of rFID that exhibits a strong correlation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Tongda Xu , Mingwei He , Shady Abu-Hussein , Jose Miguel Hernandez-Lobato , Chunhang Zheng , Kai Zhao , Chao Zhou , Ya-Qin Zhang , Yan Wang

Leveraging the power of deep learning to design nanophotonic devices has been an area of active research in recent times, with Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) being a popular choice alongside autoencoder-based methods. However, both…

The Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) is a state-of-the-art technique in the field of deep learning. A number of recent papers address the theory and applications of GANs in various fields of image processing. Fewer studies, however,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Shuyue Guan , Murray Loew

Metrics for evaluating generative models aim to measure the discrepancy between real and generated images. The often-used Frechet Inception Distance (FID) metric, for example, extracts "high-level" features using a deep network from the two…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-24 Gaurav Parmar , Richard Zhang , Jun-Yan Zhu

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have been used to model the underlying probability distribution of sample based datasets. GANs are notoriuos for training difficulties and their dependence on arbitrary hyperparameters. One recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-03 Thomas Pinetz , Daniel Soukup , Thomas Pock

One way to interpret trained deep neural networks (DNNs) is by inspecting characteristics that neurons in the model respond to, such as by iteratively optimising the model input (e.g., an image) to maximally activate specific neurons.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Saumitra Mishra , Daniel Stoller , Emmanouil Benetos , Bob L. Sturm , Simon Dixon

Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (cGANs) are finding increasingly widespread use in many application domains. Despite outstanding progress, quantitative evaluation of such models often involves multiple distinct metrics to assess…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-25 Terrance DeVries , Adriana Romero , Luis Pineda , Graham W. Taylor , Michal Drozdzal

Time-unconditional generative models learn time-independent denoising vector fields. But without time conditioning, the same noisy input may correspond to multiple noise levels and different denoising directions, which interferes with the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Zimo Wang , Ishit Mehta , Haolin Lu , Chung-En Sun , Ge Yan , Tsui-Wei Weng , Tzu-Mao Li

We propose a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) that introduces an evaluator module using pre-trained networks. The proposed model, called score-guided GAN (ScoreGAN), is trained with an evaluation metric for GANs, i.e., the Inception…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Minhyeok Lee , Junhee Seok

Despite recent progress in generative image modeling, successfully generating high-resolution, diverse samples from complex datasets such as ImageNet remains an elusive goal. To this end, we train Generative Adversarial Networks at the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-27 Andrew Brock , Jeff Donahue , Karen Simonyan

Devising indicative evaluation metrics for the image generation task remains an open problem. The most widely used metric for measuring the similarity between real and generated images has been the Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) score.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Muhammad Ferjad Naeem , Seong Joon Oh , Youngjung Uh , Yunjey Choi , Jaejun Yoo

Forward Gradients - the idea of using directional derivatives in forward differentiation mode - have recently been shown to be utilizable for neural network training while avoiding problems generally associated with backpropagation gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Louis Fournier , Stéphane Rivaud , Eugene Belilovsky , Michael Eickenberg , Edouard Oyallon