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Last-mile routing refers to the final step in a supply chain, delivering packages from a depot station to the homes of customers. At the level of a single van driver, the task is a traveling salesman problem. But the choice of route may be…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-09-23 William Cook , Stephan Held , Keld Helsgaun

The rapid growth of pharmaceutical refrigerated logistics poses sustainability challenges, including elevated costs, energy consumption, and resource inefficiency. Collaborating multiple depots can enhance logistics efficiency when…

Applications · Statistics 2023-11-09 Tingting Chen , Feng Chu , Jiantong Zhang , Jiaqing Sun

The Entrance Dependent Vehicle Routing Problem (EDVRP) is a variant of the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) where the scale of cities influences routing outcomes, necessitating consideration of their entrances. This paper addresses EDVRP in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Yixuan Fan , Haotian Xu , Mengqiao Liu , Qing Zhuo , Tao Zhang

Although Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP) are essential to many real-world systems, they remain computationally intractable at scale due to their combinatorial complexity. Traditional heuristics rely on handcrafted rules for local…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Oleksandr Yakovenko , Mahdi Mostajabdaveh , Cheikh Ahmed , Abdullah Ali Sivas , Xiaorui Li , Zirui Zhou , Mao Kun

Vehicle routing problems (VRPs) constitute a core optimization challenge in modern logistics and supply chain management. The recent neural combinatorial optimization (NCO) has demonstrated superior efficiency over some traditional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Xiangchi Meng , Jianan Zhou , Jie Gao , Yifan Lu , Yaoxin Wu , Gonglin Yuan , Yaqing Hou

Machine learning has been adapted to help solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. One prevalent way is learning to construct solutions by deep neural networks, which has been receiving more and more attention due to the high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Chengrui Gao , Haopu Shang , Ke Xue , Dong Li , Chao Qian

Recent advancements in self-driving car technologies have enabled them to navigate autonomously through various environments. However, one of the critical challenges in autonomous vehicle operation is trajectory planning, especially in…

Truck platooning, a linking technology of trucks on the highway, has gained enormous attention in recent years due to its benefits in energy and operation cost savings. However, most existing studies on truck platooning limit their focus on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-23 Yilang Hao , Zhibin Chen , Xiaotong Sun , Lu Tong

Research on Reinforcement Learning (RL) approaches for discrete optimization problems has increased considerably, extending RL to areas classically dominated by Operations Research (OR). Vehicle routing problems are a good example of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Ricardo Gama , Ricardo Cunha , Daniel Fuertes , Carlos R. del-Blanco , Hugo L. Fernandes

This paper addresses the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) by comparing classical and quantum Reinforcement Learning (RL) approaches. An Advantage Actor-Critic (A2C) agent is implemented in classical, full quantum, and hybrid…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Eva Andrés

This paper presents a network-based multi-agent optimization model for the strategic planning of service facilities in a stochastic and competitive market. We focus on the type of service facilities that are of intermediate nature, i.e.,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-04 Sina Baghali , Julio Deride , Yueyue Fan , Zhaomiao Guo

Multi-agent Pickup and Delivery (MAPD) is a challenging industrial problem where a team of robots is tasked with transporting a set of tasks, each from an initial location and each to a specified target location. Appearing in the context of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Zhe Chen , Javier Alonso-Mora , Xiaoshan Bai , Daniel D. Harabor , Peter J. Stuckey

The idea of deploying electric vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, to perform "last-mile" delivery in logistics operations has attracted increasing attention in the past few years. In this paper, we propose…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-03 Tengkuo Zhu , Stephen D. Boyles , Avinash Unnikrishnan

Vehicle Routing Problem with Private fleet and common Carrier (VRPPC) has been proposed to help a supplier manage package delivery services from a single depot to multiple customers. Most of the existing VRPPC works consider deterministic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-21 Suttinee Sawadsitang , Siwei Jiang , Dusit Niyato , Ping Wang

In this paper, we present an innovative risk-bounded motion planning methodology for stochastic multi-agent systems. For this methodology, the disturbance, noise, and model uncertainty are considered; and a velocity obstacle method is…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Xiaoxue Zhang , Jun Ma , Zilong Cheng , Masayoshi Tomizuka , Tong Heng Lee

This paper examines the use of in-store customers as delivery couriers in a centralized crowd-shipping system, targeting the growing need for efficient last-mile delivery in urban areas. We consider a brick-and-mortar retail setting where…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Arash Dehghan , Mucahit Cevik , Merve Bodur , Bissan Ghaddar

We study the load balanced capacitated vehicle routing problem (LBCVRP): the problem is to design a collection of tours for a fixed fleet of vehicles with capacity Q to distribute a supply from a single depot between a number of predefined…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Haniyeh Fallah , Farzad Didehvar , Farhad Rahmati

This paper presents an efficient algorithm, naming Centralized Searching and Decentralized Optimization (CSDO), to find feasible solution for large-scale Multi-Vehicle Trajectory Planning (MVTP) problem. Due to the intractable growth of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Yibin Yang , Shaobing Xu , Xintao Yan , Junkai Jiang , Jianqiang Wang , Heye Huang

The multi-path Traveling Salesman Problem with stochastic travel costs arises in hybrid vehicle routing applications designed for Smart City and City Logistics, where multiple paths exist between each pair of locations. Travel times along…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-15 Xiaochen Chou , Ludovica Di Marco , Enza Messina

This paper reviews the current progress in applying machine learning (ML) tools to solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, with a focus on routing problems such as the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and the vehicle routing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Fangting Zhou , Attila Lischka , Balazs Kulcsar , Jiaming Wu , Morteza Haghir Chehreghani , Gilbert Laporte