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Generated hateful and toxic content by a portion of users in social media is a rising phenomenon that motivated researchers to dedicate substantial efforts to the challenging direction of hateful content identification. We not only need an…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Marzieh Mozafari , Reza Farahbakhsh , Noel Crespi

In recent years, social media platforms have hosted an explosion of hate speech and objectionable content. The urgent need for effective automatic hate speech detection models have drawn remarkable investment from companies and researchers.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Sayyed M. Zahiri , Ali Ahmadvand

Current multimodal toxicity benchmarks typically use a single binary hatefulness label. This coarse approach conflates two fundamentally different characteristics of expression: tone and content. Drawing on communication science theory, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Nils A. Herrmann , Tobias Eder , Jingyi He , Georg Groh

Counter-speech (CS) is a key strategy for mitigating online Hate Speech (HS), yet defining the criteria to assess its effectiveness remains an open challenge. We propose a novel computational framework for CS effectiveness classification,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Greta Damo , Elena Cabrio , Serena Villata

The ubiquity of social media has transformed online interactions among individuals. Despite positive effects, it has also allowed anti-social elements to unite in alternative social media environments (eg. Gab.com) like never before.…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Michael Ridenhour , Arunkumar Bagavathi , Elaheh Raisi , Siddharth Krishnan

Hateful videos pose serious risks by amplifying discrimination, inciting violence, and undermining online safety. Existing training-based hateful video detection methods are constrained by limited training data and lack of interpretability,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Shuonan Yang , Yuchen Zhang , Zeyu Fu

Confounding is a significant obstacle to unbiased estimation of causal effects from observational data. For settings with high-dimensional covariates -- such as text data, genomics, or the behavioral social sciences -- researchers have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Katherine A. Keith , Sergey Feldman , David Jurgens , Jonathan Bragg , Rohit Bhattacharya

Hate speech detection is a challenging problem with most of the datasets available in only one language: English. In this paper, we conduct a large scale analysis of multilingual hate speech in 9 languages from 16 different sources. We…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-12-10 Sai Saketh Aluru , Binny Mathew , Punyajoy Saha , Animesh Mukherjee

Reliable automatic hate speech (HS) detection systems must adapt to the in-flow of diverse new data to curtail hate speech. However, hate speech detection systems commonly lack generalizability in identifying hate speech dissimilar to data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Shi Yin Hong , Susan Gauch

Toxic online speech has become a crucial problem nowadays due to an exponential increase in the use of internet by people from different cultures and educational backgrounds. Differentiating if a text message belongs to hate speech and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Bencheng Wei , Jason Li , Ajay Gupta , Hafiza Umair , Atsu Vovor , Natalie Durzynski

Social media platforms are critical spaces for public discourse, shaping opinions and community dynamics, yet their widespread use has amplified harmful content, particularly hate speech, threatening online safety and inclusivity. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Muhammad Usman , Muhammad Ahmad , M. Shahiki Tash , Irina Gelbukh , Rolando Quintero Tellez , Grigori Sidorov

Offensive or antagonistic language targeted at individuals and social groups based on their personal characteristics (also known as cyber hate speech or cyberhate) has been frequently posted and widely circulated viathe World Wide Web. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-09 Wafa Alorainy , Pete Burnap , Han Liu , Matthew Williams

Since state-of-the-art approaches to offensive language detection rely on supervised learning, it is crucial to quickly adapt them to the continuously evolving scenario of social media. While several approaches have been proposed to tackle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Elisa Leonardelli , Stefano Menini , Alessio Palmero Aprosio , Marco Guerini , Sara Tonelli

Memes act as cryptic tools for sharing sensitive ideas, often requiring contextual knowledge to interpret. This makes moderating multimodal memes challenging, as existing works either lack high-quality datasets on nuanced hate categories or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Palash Nandi , Shivam Sharma , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Online harassment in the form of hate speech has been on the rise in recent years. Addressing the issue requires a combination of content moderation by people, aided by automatic detection methods. As content moderation is itself harmful to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Sheikh Muhammad Sarwar , Vanessa Murdock

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has advanced the benchmark in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, large amounts of labelled training data are required to train LLMs. Furthermore, data annotation and training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Sargam Yadav , Abhishek Kaushik , Kevin McDaid

Visual reasoning, the capability to interpret visual input in response to implicit text query through multi-step reasoning, remains a challenge for deep learning models due to the lack of relevant benchmarks. Previous work in visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yiqing Shen , Chenjia Li , Chenxiao Fan , Mathias Unberath

This paper introduces a novel multimodal framework for hate speech detection in deepfake audio, excelling even in zero-shot scenarios. Unlike previous approaches, our method uses contrastive learning to jointly align audio and text…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Rishabh Ranjan , Likhith Ayinala , Mayank Vatsa , Richa Singh

The Rasch model is one of the most fundamental models in \emph{item response theory} and has wide-ranging applications from education testing to recommendation systems. In a universe with $n$ users and $m$ items, the Rasch model assumes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Duc Nguyen , Anderson Zhang

The context-dependent nature of online aggression makes annotating large collections of data extremely difficult. Previously studied datasets in abusive language detection have been insufficient in size to efficiently train deep learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-31 Younghun Lee , Seunghyun Yoon , Kyomin Jung