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Automatic evaluation of essay (AES) and also called automatic essay scoring has become a severe problem due to the rise of online learning and evaluation platforms such as Coursera, Udemy, Khan academy, and so on. Researchers have recently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Tsegaye Misikir Tashu , Chandresh Kumar Maurya , Tomas Horvath

We study the problem of generating keyphrases that summarize the key points for a given document. While sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models have achieved remarkable performance on this task (Meng et al., 2017), model training often relies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Hai Ye , Lu Wang

While paragraph embedding models are remarkably effective for downstream classification tasks, what they learn and encode into a single vector remains opaque. In this paper, we investigate a state-of-the-art paragraph embedding method…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Tu Vu , Mohit Iyyer

Sentence embedding is essential for many NLP tasks, with contrastive learning methods achieving strong performance using annotated datasets like NLI. Yet, the reliance on manual labels limits scalability. Recent studies leverage large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Liyang He , Chenglong Liu , Rui Li , Zhenya Huang , Shulan Ruan , Jun Zhou , Enhong Chen

Many recent methods of zero-shot learning (ZSL) attempt to utilize generative model to generate the unseen visual samples from semantic descriptions and random noise. Therefore, the ZSL problem becomes a traditional supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Shibing Xu , Zishu Gao , Guojun Xie

In this paper, we propose a deep convolutional neural network-based acoustic word embedding system on code-switching query by example spoken term detection. Different from previous configurations, we combine audio data in two languages for…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-26 Murong Ma , Haiwei Wu , Xuyang Wang , Lin Yang , Junjie Wang , Ming Li

Neural networks can be trained to rank the choices made by logical reasoners, resulting in more efficient searches for answers. A key step in this process is creating useful embeddings, i.e., numeric representations of logical statements.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yifan Zhang , Yasir White , Dean Clark , Joseph Sanchez , Jevon Lipsey , Ashely Hirst , Jeff Heflin

Measuring the quality of a generated sequence against a set of references is a central problem in many learning frameworks, be it to compute a score, to assign a reward, or to perform discrimination. Despite great advances in model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-06 Florian Schmidt , Thomas Hofmann

In this paper, we propose a method for obtaining sentence-level embeddings. While the problem of securing word-level embeddings is very well studied, we propose a novel method for obtaining sentence-level embeddings. This is obtained by a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Badri N. Patro , Dev Chauhan , Vinod K. Kurmi , Vinay P. Namboodiri

Learning the distance metric between pairs of examples is of great importance for learning and visual recognition. With the remarkable success from the state of the art convolutional neural networks, recent works have shown promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-11-23 Hyun Oh Song , Yu Xiang , Stefanie Jegelka , Silvio Savarese

In the past few years, triplet loss-based metric embeddings have become a de-facto standard for several important computer vision problems, most no-tably, person reidentification. On the other hand, in the area of speech recognition the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-02-08 Roman Vygon , Nikolay Mikhaylovskiy

The Text-to-Video Retrieval (T2VR) task aims to retrieve unlabeled videos by textual queries with the same semantic meanings. Recent CLIP-based approaches have explored two frameworks: Two-Tower versus Single-Tower framework, yet the former…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Bangxiang Lan , Ruobing Xie , Ruixiang Zhao , Xingwu Sun , Zhanhui Kang , Gang Yang , Xirong Li

Query-by-example search often uses dynamic time warping (DTW) for comparing queries and proposed matching segments. Recent work has shown that comparing speech segments by representing them as fixed-dimensional vectors --- acoustic word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-06-14 Shane Settle , Keith Levin , Herman Kamper , Karen Livescu

Semantic parsing is the problem of deriving machine interpretable meaning representations from natural language utterances. Neural models with encoder-decoder architectures have recently achieved substantial improvements over traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-30 Huseyin A. Inan , Gaurav Singh Tomar , Huapu Pan

We develop a streaming (one-pass, bounded-memory) word embedding algorithm based on the canonical skip-gram with negative sampling algorithm implemented in word2vec. We compare our streaming algorithm to word2vec empirically by measuring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-04-26 Chandler May , Kevin Duh , Benjamin Van Durme , Ashwin Lall

In this work, we observe an interesting phenomenon: it is possible to generate reversible sentence embeddings that allow an LLM to reconstruct the original text exactly, without modifying the model's weights. This is achieved by introducing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Ignacio Sastre , Aiala Rosá

Semantic caching enhances the efficiency of large language model (LLM) systems by identifying semantically similar queries, storing responses once, and serving them for subsequent equivalent requests. However, existing semantic caching…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Shervin Ghaffari , Zohre Bahranifard , Mohammad Akbari

Retrieval-based conversation systems generally tend to highly rank responses that are semantically similar or even identical to the given conversation context. While the system's goal is to find the most appropriate response, rather than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-09 Denis Fedorenko , Nikita Smetanin , Artem Rodichev

Multimodal retrieval systems struggle to resolve image-text queries against text-only corpora: the best vision-language encoder achieves only 27.6 nDCG@10 on MM-BRIGHT, underperforming strong text-only retrievers. We argue the bottleneck is…

We consider the problem of learning general-purpose, paraphrastic sentence embeddings, revisiting the setting of Wieting et al. (2016b). While they found LSTM recurrent networks to underperform word averaging, we present several…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-05-02 John Wieting , Kevin Gimpel
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