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Related papers: A Benchmark Study of the Contemporary Toxicity Det…

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Memes, as a widely used mode of online communication, often serve as vehicles for spreading harmful content. However, limitations in data accessibility and the high costs of dataset curation hinder the development of robust meme moderation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Subhankar Swain , Naquee Rizwan , Vishwa Gangadhar S , Nayandeep Deb , Animesh Mukherjee

The need for analysis of toxicity in new drug candidates and the requirement of doing it fast have asked the consideration of scientists towards the use of artificial intelligence tools to examine toxicity levels and to develop models to a…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2021-01-27 Mriganka Nath , Subhasish Goswami

Detecting harmful and non-inclusive terminology in technical contexts is critical for fostering inclusive environments in computing. This study explores the impact of model architecture on harmful language detection by evaluating a curated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Joshua Jacas , Hana Winchester , Alicia Boyd , Brittany Johnson

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly prevalent in text simplification, systematically evaluating their outputs across diverse prompting strategies and architectures remains a critical methodological challenge in both NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Rares-Alexandru Roscan , Gabriel Petre1 , Adrian-Marius Dumitran , Angela-Liliana Dumitran

Algorithmic bias often arises as a result of differential subgroup validity, in which predictive relationships vary across groups. For example, in toxic language detection, comments targeting different demographic groups can vary markedly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Soumyajit Gupta , Sooyong Lee , Maria De-Arteaga , Matthew Lease

Background: As most of the software development organizations are male-dominated, female developers encountering various negative workplace experiences reported feeling like they "do not belong". Exposures to discriminatory expletives or…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-12-14 Rajshakhar Paul , Amiangshu Bosu , Kazi Zakia Sultana

Semantic textual similarity (STS) systems are designed to encode and evaluate the semantic similarity between words, phrases, sentences, and documents. One method for assessing the quality or authenticity of semantic information encoded in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-01-04 Kimberly Glasgow , Matthew Roos , Amy Haufler , Mark Chevillet , Michael Wolmetz

Solving problems through tool use under explicit constraints constitutes a highly challenging yet unavoidable scenario for large language models (LLMs), requiring capabilities such as function calling, instruction following, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Junjie Ye , Guoqiang Zhang , Wenjie Fu , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized software development through AI-assisted coding tools, enabling developers with limited programming expertise to create sophisticated applications. However, this accessibility extends to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Yifan Huang , Xiaojun Jia , Wenbo Guo , Yuqiang Sun , Yihao Huang , Chong Wang , Yang Liu

Self-Admitted Technical Debt or SATD can be found in various sources, such as source code comments, commit messages, issue tracking systems, and pull requests. Previous research has established the existence of relations between SATD items…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Yikun Li , Mohamed Soliman , Paris Avgeriou

Perception of toxicity evolves over time and often differs between geographies and cultural backgrounds. Similarly, black-box commercially available APIs for detecting toxicity, such as the Perspective API, are not static, but frequently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Luiza Pozzobon , Beyza Ermis , Patrick Lewis , Sara Hooker

Software Engineering (SE) is the systematic design, development, maintenance, and management of software applications underpinning the digital infrastructure of our modern world. Very recently, the SE community has seen a rapidly increasing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Quanjun Zhang , Chunrong Fang , Yang Xie , Yaxin Zhang , Yun Yang , Weisong Sun , Shengcheng Yu , Zhenyu Chen

Detecting semantic interference remains a challenge in collaborative software development. Recent lightweight static analysis techniques improve efficiency over SDG-based methods, but they still suffer from a high rate of false positives. A…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Victor Lira , Paulo Borba , Rodrigo Bonifácio , Galileu Santos e Matheus barbosa

With the advent of Transformers, large language models (LLMs) have saturated well-known NLP benchmarks and leaderboards with high aggregate performance. However, many times these models systematically fail on tail data or rare groups not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Nazneen Rajani , Weixin Liang , Lingjiao Chen , Meg Mitchell , James Zou

Large language models (LLMs) are now ubiquitous in user-facing applications, yet they still generate undesirable toxic outputs, including profanity, vulgarity, and derogatory remarks. Although numerous detoxification methods exist, most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Agam Goyal , Vedant Rathi , William Yeh , Yian Wang , Yuen Chen , Hari Sundaram

Static analysis is widely used for software assurance. However, static analysis tools can report an overwhelming number of warnings, many of which are false positives. Applying static analysis to a new version, a large number of warnings…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Xiuyuan Guo , Ashwin Kallingal Joshy , Benjamin Steenhoek , Wei Le , Lori Flynn

The spectacular expansion of the Internet has led to the development of a new research problem in the field of natural language processing: automatic toxic comment detection, since many countries prohibit hate speech in public media. There…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Ashwin Geet D'Sa , Irina Illina , Dominique Fohr

Though many deep learning (DL)-based vulnerability detection approaches have been proposed and indeed achieved remarkable performance, they still have limitations in the generalization as well as the practical usage. More precisely,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Chao Ni , Xin Yin , Kaiwen Yang , Dehai Zhao , Zhenchang Xing , Xin Xia

Java projects are often built on top of various third-party libraries. If multiple versions of a library exist on the classpath, JVM will only load one version and shadow the others, which we refer to as dependency conflicts. This would…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Ying Wang , Rongxin Wu , Chao Wang , Ming Wen , Yepang Liu , Shing-Chi Cheung , Hai Yu , Chang Xu , Zhiliang Zhu

The safe deployment of large language models (LLMs) in high-stakes fields like biomedicine, requires them to be able to reason about cause and effect. We investigate this ability by testing 13 open-source LLMs on a fundamental task:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Sydney Anuyah , Sneha Shajee-Mohan , Ankit-Singh Chauhan , Sunandan Chakraborty