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Digital image watermarking seeks to protect the digital media information from unauthorized access, where the message is embedded into the digital image and extracted from it, even some noises or distortions are applied under various data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Hong-Bo Xu , Rong Wang , Jia Wei , Shao-Ping Lu

Watermarking aims to embed hidden signals in generated text that can be reliably detected when given access to a secret key. Open-weight language models pose acute challenges for such watermarking schemes because the inference-time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Yizhou Zhao , Zhiwei Steven Wu , Adam Block

Steganography and digital watermarking are the tasks of hiding recoverable data in image pixels. Deep neural network (DNN) based image steganography and watermarking techniques are quickly replacing traditional hand-engineered pipelines.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Shehzeen Hussain , Nojan Sheybani , Paarth Neekhara , Xinqiao Zhang , Javier Duarte , Farinaz Koushanfar

The design of an effective multi-bit watermarking algorithm hinges upon finding a good trade-off between the three fundamental requirements forming the watermarking trade-off triangle, namely, robustness against network modifications,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Benedetta Tondi , Andrea Costanzo , Mauro Barni

Robust invisible watermarks are widely used to support copyright protection, content provenance, and accountability by embedding hidden signals designed to survive common post-processing operations. However, diffusion-based image editing…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-16 Qian Qi , Jiangyun Tang , Jim Lee , Emily Davis , Finn Carter

The intellectual property of deep neural network (DNN) models can be protected with DNN watermarking, which embeds copyright watermarks into model parameters (white-box), model behavior (black-box), or model outputs (box-free), and the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Haonan An , Guang Hua , Yu Guo , Hangcheng Cao , Susanto Rahardja , Yuguang Fang

Static deep neural network (DNN) watermarking techniques typically employ irreversible methods to embed watermarks into the DNN model weights. However, this approach causes permanent damage to the watermarked model and fails to meet the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Junren Qin , Shanxiang Lyu , Fan Yang , Jiarui Deng , Zhihua Xia , Xiaochun Cao

Gradient Boosting Decision Trees (GBDTs) are widely used in industry and academia for their high accuracy and efficiency, particularly on structured data. However, watermarking GBDT models remains underexplored compared to neural networks.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Jun Woo Chung , Yingjie Lao , Weijie Zhao

Imperceptible digital watermarking is important in copyright protection, misinformation prevention, and responsible generative AI. We propose TrustMark - a GAN-based watermarking method with novel design in architecture and spatio-spectra…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Tu Bui , Shruti Agarwal , John Collomosse

Due to the wide use of highly-valuable and large-scale deep neural networks (DNNs), it becomes crucial to protect the intellectual property of DNNs so that the ownership of disputed or stolen DNNs can be verified. Most existing solutions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Peizhuo Lv , Pan Li , Shengzhi Zhang , Kai Chen , Ruigang Liang , Yue Zhao , Yingjiu Li

With the growing popularity of the Internet, digital images are used and transferred more frequently. Although this phenomenon facilitates easy access to information, it also creates security concerns and violates intellectual property…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-01 Alireza Tavakoli , Zahra Honjani , Hedieh Sajedi

Watermarking diffusion-generated images is crucial for copyright protection and user tracking. However, current diffusion watermarking methods face significant limitations: zero-bit watermarking systems lack the capacity for large-scale…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Jiazheng Xing , Hai Ci , Hongbin Xu , Hangjie Yuan , Yong Liu , Mike Zheng Shou

Machine learning involves expensive data collection and training procedures. Model owners may be concerned that valuable intellectual property can be leaked if adversaries mount model extraction attacks. As it is difficult to defend against…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-22 Hengrui Jia , Christopher A. Choquette-Choo , Varun Chandrasekaran , Nicolas Papernot

Deep learning-based image watermarking, while robust against conventional distortions, remains vulnerable to advanced adversarial and regeneration attacks. Conventional countermeasures, which jointly optimize the encoder and decoder via a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Jiahui Chen , Zehang Deng , Zeyu Zhang , Chaoyang Li , Lianchen Jia , Lifeng Sun

Visible watermarks are widely-used in images to protect copyright ownership. Analyzing watermark removal helps to reinforce the anti-attack techniques in an adversarial way. Current removal methods normally leverage image-to-image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Yang Liu , Zhen Zhu , Xiang Bai

Inpainting is a learned interpolation technique that is based on generative modeling and used to populate masked or missing pieces in an image; it has wide applications in picture editing and retouching. Recently, inpainting started being…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-02 David Khachaturov , Ilia Shumailov , Yiren Zhao , Nicolas Papernot , Ross Anderson

Motivated by the problem of detecting AI-generated text, we consider the problem of watermarking the output of language models with provable guarantees. We aim for watermarks which satisfy: (a) undetectability, a cryptographic notion…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Noah Golowich , Ankur Moitra

Current watermark removal methods are evaluated on two axes: attack success rate and perceptual quality. We show this is insufficient. While state-of-the-art attacks successfully degrade the watermark signal without visible distortion, they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Gautier Evennou , Ewa Kijak

In this work, we introduce a novel deep learning-based approach to text-in-image watermarking, a method that embeds and extracts textual information within images to enhance data security and integrity. Leveraging the capabilities of deep…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Bishwa Karki , Chun-Hua Tsai , Pei-Chi Huang , Xin Zhong

Current image watermarking methods are vulnerable to advanced image editing techniques enabled by large-scale text-to-image models. These models can distort embedded watermarks during editing, posing significant challenges to copyright…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Shilin Lu , Zihan Zhou , Jiayou Lu , Yuanzhi Zhu , Adams Wai-Kin Kong