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Towards better explainability in the field of information retrieval, we present CREDENCE, an interactive tool capable of generating counterfactual explanations for document rankers. Embracing the unique properties of the ranking problem, we…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Joel Rorseth , Parke Godfrey , Lukasz Golab , Mehdi Kargar , Divesh Srivastava , Jaroslaw Szlichta

Explainable AI (XAI) aims to provide insights into the decisions made by AI models. To date, most XAI approaches provide only one-time, static explanations, which cannot cater to users' diverse knowledge levels and information needs.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Tong Zhang , Mengao Zhang , Wei Yan Low , X. Jessie Yang , Boyang Li

Counterfactual explanations (CFE) are being widely used to explain algorithmic decisions, especially in consequential decision-making contexts (e.g., loan approval or pretrial bail). In this context, CFEs aim to provide individuals affected…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Kiarash Mohammadi , Amir-Hossein Karimi , Gilles Barthe , Isabel Valera

The field of explainability in artificial intelligence (AI) has witnessed a growing number of studies and increasing scholarly interest. However, the lack of human-friendly and individual interpretations in explaining the outcomes of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Toygar Tanyel , Serkan Ayvaz , Bilgin Keserci

State-of-the-art deep-learning systems use decision rules that are challenging for humans to model. Explainable AI (XAI) attempts to improve human understanding but rarely accounts for how people typically reason about unfamiliar agents. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Scott Cheng-Hsin Yang , Wai Keen Vong , Ravi B. Sojitra , Tomas Folke , Patrick Shafto

Herein, we generate pseudo-features based on the multivariate probability distributions obtained from the feature maps in layers of trained deep neural networks. Further, we augment the minor-class data based on these generated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Tomohiko Konno , Michiaki Iwazume

Explainable machine learning has attracted much interest in the community where the stakes are high. Counterfactual explanations methods have become an important tool in explaining a black-box model. The recent advances have leveraged the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Wei Zhang , Brian Barr , John Paisley

We propose a novel training regime termed counterfactual training that leverages counterfactual explanations to increase the explanatory capacity of models. Counterfactual explanations have emerged as a popular post-hoc explanation method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Patrick Altmeyer , Aleksander Buszydlik , Arie van Deursen , Cynthia C. S. Liem

In an era increasingly dominated by digital platforms, the spread of misinformation poses a significant challenge, highlighting the need for solutions capable of assessing information veracity. Our research contributes to the field of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Darius Feher , Abdullah Khered , Hao Zhang , Riza Batista-Navarro , Viktor Schlegel

Currently, machine learning is widely used across various domains, including time series data analysis. However, some machine learning models function as black boxes, making interpretability a critical concern. One approach to address this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Keita Kinjo

Counterfactual explanations describe how to modify a feature vector in order to flip the outcome of a trained classifier. Obtaining robust counterfactual explanations is essential to provide valid algorithmic recourse and meaningful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Alexandre Forel , Axel Parmentier , Thibaut Vidal

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) stand out as one of the most prominent approaches within the Machine Learning (ML) domain. The efficacy of DNNs has surged alongside recent increases in computational capacity, allowing these approaches to scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Jamie Duell , Monika Seisenberger , Hsuan Fu , Xiuyi Fan

Visual counterfactual explanations (VCEs) in image space are an important tool to understand decisions of image classifiers as they show under which changes of the image the decision of the classifier would change. Their generation in image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Valentyn Boreiko , Maximilian Augustin , Francesco Croce , Philipp Berens , Matthias Hein

While AI algorithms have shown remarkable success in various fields, their lack of transparency hinders their application to real-life tasks. Although explanations targeted at non-experts are necessary for user trust and human-AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Jasmina Gajcin , Ivana Dusparic

Recent black-box counterfactual generation frameworks fail to take into account the semantic content of the proposed edits, while relying heavily on training to guide the generation process. We propose a novel, plug-and-play black-box…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Nikolaos Spanos , Maria Lymperaiou , Giorgos Filandrianos , Konstantinos Thomas , Athanasios Voulodimos , Giorgos Stamou

The increasing use of Machine Learning (ML) models to aid decision-making in high-stakes industries demands explainability to facilitate trust. Counterfactual Explanations (CEs) are ideally suited for this, as they can offer insights into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Junqi Jiang , Luca Marzari , Aaryan Purohit , Francesco Leofante

Recent advancements in generative AI have introduced novel prospects and practical implementations. Especially diffusion models show their strength in generating diverse and, at the same time, realistic features, positioning them well for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Franz Motzkus , Christian Hellert , Ute Schmid

There is a broad consensus on the importance of deep learning models in tasks involving complex data. Often, an adequate understanding of these models is required when focusing on the transparency of decisions in human-critical…

Counterfactual explanations (CEs) provide recourse recommendations for individuals affected by algorithmic decisions. A key challenge is generating CEs that are robust against various perturbation types (e.g. input and model perturbations)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Junqi Jiang , Francesco Leofante , Antonio Rago , Francesca Toni

Explainable AI (XAI) techniques are increasingly important for the validation and responsible use of modern deep learning models, but are difficult to evaluate due to the lack of good ground-truth to compare against. We propose a framework…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Amritpal Singh , Andrey Barsky , Mohamed Ali Souibgui , Ernest Valveny , Dimosthenis Karatzas