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Post-hoc explanations of machine learning models are crucial for people to understand and act on algorithmic predictions. An intriguing class of explanations is through counterfactuals, hypothetical examples that show people how to obtain a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-09 Ramaravind Kommiya Mothilal , Amit Sharma , Chenhao Tan

Counterfactual explanations (CEs) offer a human-understandable way to explain decisions by identifying specific changes to the input parameters of a base or present model that would lead to a desired change in the outcome. For optimization…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-06 Felix Engelhardt , Jannis Kurtz , Ş. İlker Birbil , Ted Ralphs

Attribution-based explanation techniques capture key patterns to enhance visual interpretability; however, these patterns often lack the granularity needed for insight in fine-grained tasks, particularly in cases of model misclassification,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Lintong Zhang , Kang Yin , Seong-Whan Lee

Counterfactual reasoning -- the practice of asking ``what if'' by varying inputs and observing changes in model behavior -- has become central to interpretable and fair AI. This thesis develops frameworks that use counterfactuals to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Pushkar Shukla

AI-driven outcomes can be challenging for end-users to understand. Explanations can address two key questions: "Why this outcome?" (factual) and "Why not another?" (counterfactual). While substantial efforts have been made to formalize…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Suryani Lim , Henri Prade , Gilles Richard

Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) exemplify how to minimally modify a feature vector to achieve a different prediction for an instance. CFEs can enhance informational fairness and trustworthiness, and provide suggestions for users who…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Yongjie Wang , Hangwei Qian , Yongjie Liu , Wei Guo , Chunyan Miao

The past decade has seen a substantial rise in the amount of mis- and disinformation online, from targeted disinformation campaigns to influence politics, to the unintentional spreading of misinformation about public health. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Isabelle Augenstein

Counterfactual explanations have been successfully applied to create human interpretable explanations for various black-box models. They are handy for tasks in the image domain, where the quality of the explanations benefits from recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Trung Duc Ha , Sidney Bender

Counterfactual explanations (CE) explain model decisions by identifying input modifications that lead to different predictions. Most existing methods operate at the instance level. Distributional Counterfactual Explanations (DCE) extend…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yikai Gu , Lele Cao , Bo Zhao , Lei Lei , Lei You

Explainability is increasingly seen as an essential feature of rule-based smart environments. While counterfactual explanations, which describe what could have been done differently to achieve a desired outcome, are a powerful tool in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Anna Trapp , Mersedeh Sadeghi , Andreas Vogelsang

As black-box AI-driven decision-making systems become increasingly widespread in modern document processing workflows, improving their transparency and reliability has become critical, especially in high-stakes applications where biases or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Saifullah Saifullah , Stefan Agne , Andreas Dengel , Sheraz Ahmed

Counterfactual explanations emerge as a powerful approach in explainable AI, providing what-if scenarios that reveal how minimal changes to an input time series can alter the model's prediction. This work presents a survey of recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Udo Schlegel , Thomas Seidl

Explainable AI (XAI) is a research area whose objective is to increase trustworthiness and to enlighten the hidden mechanism of opaque machine learning techniques. This becomes increasingly important in case such models are applied to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Danilo Numeroso , Davide Bacciu

While reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have been successfully applied to numerous tasks, their reliance on neural networks makes their behavior difficult to understand and trust. Counterfactual explanations are human-friendly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Jasmina Gajcin , Ivana Dusparic

The growing integration of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) models into high-stakes domains such as healthcare and scientific research calls for models that are not only accurate but also interpretable. Among the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Zhuo Cao , Xuan Zhao , Lena Krieger , Hanno Scharr , Ira Assent

Counterfactual explanations enhance interpretability by identifying alternative inputs that produce different outputs, offering localized insights into model decisions. However, traditional methods often neglect causal relationships,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Pouria Fatemi , Ehsan Sharifian , Mohammad Hossein Yassaee

Counterfactual explanations (CFE) are methods that explain a machine learning model by giving an alternate class prediction of a data point with some minimal changes in its features. It helps the users to identify their data attributes that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Shashank Shekhar , Asif Salim , Adesh Bansode , Vivaswan Jinturkar , Anirudha Nayak

The most widely studied explainable AI (XAI) approaches are unsound. This is the case with well-known model-agnostic explanation approaches, and it is also the case with approaches based on saliency maps. One solution is to consider…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Yacine Izza , Xuanxiang Huang , Alexey Ignatiev , Nina Narodytska , Martin C. Cooper , Joao Marques-Silva

Machine learning models have undeniably achieved impressive performance across a range of applications. However, their often perceived black-box nature, and lack of transparency in decision-making, have raised concerns about understanding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Sein Minn

Deep Learning has become overly complicated and has enjoyed stellar success in solving several classical problems like image classification, object detection, etc. Several methods for explaining these decisions have been proposed. Black-box…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Siddhant Agarwal , Owais Iqbal , Sree Aditya Buridi , Madda Manjusha , Abir Das
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