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We generalize the periodic Evans function approach recently used to study the spectral stability of Stokes wave and gravity-capillary (including Wilton ripples) in water of finite depth to study spectral stability of Stokes waves in water…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2021-09-28 Zhao Yang

It is proven that small-amplitude steady periodic water waves with infinite depth are unstable with respect to long-wave perturbations. This modulational instability was first observed more than half a century ago by Benjamin and Feir. It…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2021-07-05 Huy Q. Nguyen , Walter A. Strauss

We investigate the spectral instability of a $2\pi/\kappa$ periodic Stokes wave of sufficiently small amplitude, traveling in water of unit depth, under gravity. Numerical evidence suggests instability whenever the unperturbed wave is…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2023-10-09 Vera Mikyoung Hur , Zhao Yang

We investigate the Benjamin-Feir (or modulational) instability of Stokes waves, i.e., small-amplitude, one-dimensional periodic gravity waves of permanent form and constant velocity, in water of finite and infinite depth. We develop a…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-02-22 Ryan Creedon , Bernard Deconinck

We show that periodic traveling waves with sufficiently small amplitudes of the Whitham equation, which incorporates the dispersion relation of surface water waves and the nonlinearity of the shallow water equations,are spectrally unstable…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2014-05-15 Vera Mikyoung Hur , Mathew A. Johnson

We prove that all irrotational planar periodic traveling waves of sufficiently small-amplitude are spectrally unstable as solutions to three-dimensional inviscid finite-depth gravity water-waves equations.

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-07-31 Ziang Jiao , L. Miguel Rodrigues , Changzhen Sun , Zhao Yang

We investigate the Benjamin-Feir instability of small-amplitude gravity-capillary Stokes waves in deep water for the full water wave equations. While modulational instability has been classically predicted by formal asymptotic approaches,…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-04-21 Ting-Yang Hsiao , Xinyang Wang

Euler's equations govern the behavior of gravity waves on the surface of an incompressible, inviscid, and irrotational fluid of arbitrary depth. We investigate the spectral stability of sufficiently small-amplitude, one-dimensional Stokes…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-03-14 Ryan Creedon , Bernard Deconinck , Olga Trichtchenko

The well-known Stokes waves refer to periodic traveling waves under the gravity at the free surface of a two dimensional full water wave system. In this paper, we prove that small-amplitude Stokes waves with infinite depth are nonlinearly…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2021-01-01 Gong Chen , Qingtang Su

This paper fully answers a long standing open question concerning the stability/instability of pure gravity periodic traveling water waves -- called Stokes waves -- at the critical Whitham-Benjamin depth $ \mathtt{h}_{\scriptscriptstyle WB}…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2023-06-26 Massimiliano Berti , Alberto Maspero , Paolo Ventura

Small-amplitude, traveling, space periodic solutions -- called Stokes waves -- of the 2 dimensional gravity water waves equations in deep water are linearly unstable with respect to long-wave perturbations, as predicted by Benjamin and Feir…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2022-10-19 Massimiliano Berti , Alberto Maspero , Paolo Ventura

For Stokes waves in finite depth within the neighbourhood of the Benjamin-Feir stability transition, there are two families of periodic waves, one modulationally unstable and the other stable. In this paper we show that these two families…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2024-10-24 Daniel J. Ratliff , Olga Trichtchenko , Thomas J. Bridges

We consider a full set of harmonics for the Stokes wave in deep water in the absence of viscosity, and examine the role that higher harmonics play in modifying the classical Benjamin-Feir instability. Using a representation of the wave…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2017-04-26 Shahrdad G. Sajjadi , David L. Ross

The present work shows that essentially all small-amplitude periodic traveling waves of the electronic Euler-Poisson system are spectrally unstable. This instability is neither modulational nor co-periodic, and thus requires an unusual…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2023-08-02 Pascal Noble , Luis Miguel Rodrigues , Changzhen Sun

A Stokes wave is a traveling free-surface periodic water wave that is constant in the direction transverse to the direction of propagation. In 1981 McLean discovered via numerical methods that Stokes waves are unstable with respect to…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-02-20 Ryan P. Creedon , Huy Q. Nguyen , Walter A. Strauss

The linear stability of the laminar boundary layer flow of a Stokes wave in deep waters is investigated by means of a 'momentary' criterion of instability for unsteady flows (Blondeaux and Seminara, 1979). In the parameter range…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-01-10 Francesco Fedele

We study modulational stability and instability in the Whitham equation, combining the dispersion relation of water waves and a nonlinearity of the shallow water equations, and modified to permit the effects of surface tension and constant…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2015-08-28 Vera Mikyoung Hur , Mathew A. Johnson

We study the stability of Stokes waves on a free surface of an ideal fluid of infinite depth. For small steepness the modulational instability dominates the dynamics, but its growth rate is vastly surpassed for steeper waves by an…

We consider the stability of periodic gravity free-surface water waves traveling downstream at a constant speed over a shear flow of finite depth. In case the free surface is flat, a sharp criterion of linear instability is established for…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2007-11-28 Vera Mikyoung Hur , Zhiwu Lin

This paper proves long-standing conjectures regarding the existence of infinitely many high-frequency modulational instability ``isolas" for a Stokes wave in arbitrary depth $ \mathtt{h} > 0 $, under longitudinal perturbations. We provide a…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-08-26 Massimiliano Berti , Livia Corsi , Alberto Maspero , Paolo Ventura
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