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The topic-to-essay generation task is a challenging natural language generation task that aims to generate paragraph-level text with high semantic coherence based on a given set of topic words. Previous work has focused on the introduction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Jieyong Wang , Chunyao Song , Yihao Wu

Current IR evaluation is based on relevance judgments, created either manually or automatically, with decisions outsourced to Large Language Models (LLMs). We offer an alternative paradigm, that never relies on relevance judgments in any…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Naghmeh Farzi , Laura Dietz

In recent years, researchers have created and introduced a significant number of various code generation models. As human evaluation of every new model version is unfeasible, the community adopted automatic evaluation metrics such as BLEU…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Mikhail Evtikhiev , Egor Bogomolov , Yaroslav Sokolov , Timofey Bryksin

Human language production exhibits remarkable richness and variation, reflecting diverse communication styles and intents. However, this variation is often overlooked in summarization evaluation. While having multiple reference summaries is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Silvia Casola , Yang Janet Liu , Siyao Peng , Oliver Kraus , Albert Gatt , Barbara Plank

The decoder-based machine learning generative algorithms such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), Variational Auto-Encoders (VAE), Transformers show impressive results when constructing objects similar to those in a training ensemble.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Gabriel Turinici

Automatic evaluation of sequence generation, traditionally reliant on metrics like BLEU and ROUGE, often fails to capture the semantic accuracy of generated text sequences due to their emphasis on n-gram overlap. A promising solution to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Chenglong Wang , Hang Zhou , Kaiyan Chang , Tongran Liu , Chunliang Zhang , Quan Du , Tong Xiao , Yue Zhang , Jingbo Zhu

Diversity plays a vital role in many text generating applications. In recent years, Conditional Variational Auto Encoders (CVAE) have shown promising performances for this task. However, they often encounter the so called KL-Vanishing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-03-27 Yuchi Zhang , Yongliang Wang , Liping Zhang , Zhiqiang Zhang , Kun Gai

In recent years, the proliferation of smart mobile devices has lead to the gradual integration of search functionality within mobile platforms. This has created an incentive to move away from the "ten blue links'' metaphor, as mobile users…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Pepa Atanasova , Georgi Karadzhov , Yasen Kiprov , Preslav Nakov , Fabrizio Sebastiani

Recent advances in deep learning have significantly enhanced generative AI capabilities across text, images, and audio. However, automatically evaluating the quality of these generated outputs presents ongoing challenges. Although numerous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Tian Lan , Yang-Hao Zhou , Zi-Ao Ma , Fanshu Sun , Rui-Qing Sun , Junyu Luo , Rong-Cheng Tu , Heyan Huang , Chen Xu , Zhijing Wu , Xian-Ling Mao

To solve Math Word Problems, human students leverage diverse reasoning logic that reaches different possible equation solutions. However, the mainstream sequence-to-sequence approach of automatic solvers aims to decode a fixed solution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Yibin Shen , Qianying Liu , Zhuoyuan Mao , Zhen Wan , Fei Cheng , Sadao Kurohashi

For the field of education, being able to generate semantically correct and educationally relevant multiple choice questions (MCQs) could have a large impact. While question generation itself is an active research topic, generating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Jeroen Offerijns , Suzan Verberne , Tessa Verhoef

When generating text from probabilistic models, the chosen decoding strategy has a profound effect on the resulting text. Yet the properties elicited by various decoding strategies do not always transfer across natural language generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Gian Wiher , Clara Meister , Ryan Cotterell

Distinct-$n$ score\cite{Li2016} is a widely used automatic metric for evaluating diversity in language generation tasks. However, we observed that the original approach for calculating distinct scores has evident biases that tend to assign…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Siyang Liu , Sahand Sabour , Yinhe Zheng , Pei Ke , Xiaoyan Zhu , Minlie Huang

Automatic n-gram based metrics such as ROUGE are widely used for evaluating generative tasks such as summarization. While these metrics are considered indicative (even if imperfect) of human evaluation for English, their suitability for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Itai Mondshine , Tzuf Paz-Argaman , Reut Tsarfaty

We conduct a large-scale, systematic study to evaluate the existing evaluation methods for natural language generation in the context of generating online product reviews. We compare human-based evaluators with a variety of automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Cristina Garbacea , Samuel Carton , Shiyan Yan , Qiaozhu Mei

We introduce GRADE, an automatic method for quantifying sample diversity in text-to-image models. Our method leverages the world knowledge embedded in large language models and visual question-answering systems to identify relevant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Royi Rassin , Aviv Slobodkin , Shauli Ravfogel , Yanai Elazar , Yoav Goldberg

Visual question answering requires a deep understanding of both images and natural language. However, most methods mainly focus on visual concept; such as the relationships between various objects. The limited use of object categories…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Jung-Jun Kim , Dong-Gyu Lee , Jialin Wu , Hong-Gyu Jung , Seong-Whan Lee

Automatic evaluation metrics are crucial for advancing sign language translation (SLT). Current SLT evaluation metrics, such as BLEU and ROUGE, are only text-based, and it remains unclear to what extent text-based metrics can reliably…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Shakib Yazdani , Yasser Hamidullah , Cristina España-Bonet , Eleftherios Avramidis , Josef van Genabith

The classical method of the thematic classification of texts is based on using the frequency weight on the list of words occurring in texts from the text corpus that determines the theme. In this method , the weight of each word is defined…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-01-31 Mikhail A. Antonets , Grigoriy P. Kogan

Algorithms for text-generation in dialogue can be misguided. For example, in task-oriented settings, reinforcement learning that optimizes only task-success can lead to abysmal lexical diversity. We hypothesize this is due to poor…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Anthony Sicilia , Malihe Alikhani