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We investigate how machine learning models acquire the ability to compose music and how musical information is internally represented within such models. We develop a composition algorithm based on a restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM), a…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Mutsumi Kobayashi , Hiroshi Watanabe

Music generated by deep learning methods often suffers from a lack of coherence and long-term organization. Yet, multi-scale hierarchical structure is a distinctive feature of music signals. To leverage this information, we propose a…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Manvi Agarwal , Changhong Wang , Gaël Richard

Hierarchical planning is a powerful approach to model long sequences structurally. Aside from considering hierarchies in the temporal structure of music, this paper explores an even more important aspect: concept hierarchy, which involves…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Qi He , Gus Xia , Ziyu Wang

With the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), there has been increasing interest in human-AI co-creation in a variety of artistic domains including music as AI-driven systems are frequently able to generate human-competitive artifacts.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Renaud Bougueng Tchemeube , Jeff Ens , Cale Plut , Philippe Pasquier , Maryam Safi , Yvan Grabit , Jean-Baptiste Rolland

With rapid advances in generative artificial intelligence, the text-to-music synthesis task has emerged as a promising direction for music generation. Nevertheless, achieving precise control over multi-track generation remains an open…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Yao Yao , Peike Li , Boyu Chen , Alex Wang

Creating a complex work of art like music necessitates profound creativity. With recent advancements in deep learning and powerful models such as transformers, there has been huge progress in automatic music generation. In an accompaniment…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Rishabh Dahale , Vaibhav Talwadker , Preeti Rao , Prateek Verma

This paper presents a generative AI model for automated music composition with LSTM networks that takes a novel approach at encoding musical information which is based on movement in music rather than absolute pitch. Melodies are encoded as…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-08-25 Hooman Rafraf

End-to-end generation of musical audio using deep learning techniques has seen an explosion of activity recently. However, most models concentrate on generating fully mixed music in response to abstract conditioning information. In this…

Mixing style transfer automates the generation of a multitrack mix for a given set of tracks by inferring production attributes from a reference song. However, existing systems for mixing style transfer are limited in that they often…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-15 Soumya Sai Vanka , Christian Steinmetz , Jean-Baptiste Rolland , Joshua Reiss , George Fazekas

This paper explores the idea of utilising Long Short-Term Memory neural networks (LSTMNN) for the generation of musical sequences in ABC notation. The proposed approach takes ABC notations from the Nottingham dataset and encodes it to be…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Vaishali Ingale , Anush Mohan , Divit Adlakha , Krishan Kumar , Mohit Gupta

Considering music as a sequence of events with multiple complex dependencies, the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) architecture has proven very efficient in learning and reproducing musical styles. However, the generation of rhythms requires…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Dimos Makris , Maximos Kaliakatsos-Papakostas , Katia Lida Kermanidis

Symbolic music generation aims to generate music scores automatically. A recent trend is to use Transformer or its variants in music generation, which is, however, suboptimal, because the full attention cannot efficiently model the…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Botao Yu , Peiling Lu , Rui Wang , Wei Hu , Xu Tan , Wei Ye , Shikun Zhang , Tao Qin , Tie-Yan Liu

We propose a novel approach for the generation of polyphonic music based on LSTMs. We generate music in two steps. First, a chord LSTM predicts a chord progression based on a chord embedding. A second LSTM then generates polyphonic music…

Sound · Computer Science 2017-11-22 Gino Brunner , Yuyi Wang , Roger Wattenhofer , Jonas Wiesendanger

Discovering and exploring the underlying structure of multi-instrumental music using learning-based approaches remains an open problem. We extend the recent MusicVAE model to represent multitrack polyphonic measures as vectors in a latent…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-04 Ian Simon , Adam Roberts , Colin Raffel , Jesse Engel , Curtis Hawthorne , Douglas Eck

This paper explores the modeling method of polyphonic music sequence. Due to the great potential of Transformer models in music generation, controllable music generation is receiving more attention. In the task of polyphonic music, current…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Jiuyang Zhou , Tengfei Niu , Hong Zhu , Xingping Wang

In pop music, accompaniments are usually played by multiple instruments (tracks) such as drum, bass, string and guitar, and can make a song more expressive and contagious by arranging together with its melody. Previous works usually…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Yi Ren , Jinzheng He , Xu Tan , Tao Qin , Zhou Zhao , Tie-Yan Liu

Graphs can be leveraged to model polyphonic multitrack symbolic music, where notes, chords and entire sections may be linked at different levels of the musical hierarchy by tonal and rhythmic relationships. Nonetheless, there is a lack of…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Emanuele Cosenza , Andrea Valenti , Davide Bacciu

Controllable music generation remains a significant challenge, with existing methods often requiring model retraining or introducing audible artifacts. We introduce MusicRFM, a framework that adapts Recursive Feature Machines (RFMs) to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Daniel Zhao , Daniel Beaglehole , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick , Julian McAuley , Zachary Novack

Automatic Music Transcription (AMT), inferring musical notes from raw audio, is a challenging task at the core of music understanding. Unlike Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), which typically focuses on the words of a single speaker, AMT…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Josh Gardner , Ian Simon , Ethan Manilow , Curtis Hawthorne , Jesse Engel

Multivariate longitudinal data of mixed-type are increasingly collected in many science domains. However, algorithms to cluster this kind of data remain scarce, due to the challenge to simultaneously model the within- and between-time…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-16 Francesco Amato , Julien Jacques