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In this tutorial article, we aim to provide the reader with the conceptual tools needed to get started on research on offline reinforcement learning algorithms: reinforcement learning algorithms that utilize previously collected data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Sergey Levine , Aviral Kumar , George Tucker , Justin Fu

Offline reinforcement learning enables agents to leverage large pre-collected datasets of environment transitions to learn control policies, circumventing the need for potentially expensive or unsafe online data collection. Significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Cong Lu , Philip J. Ball , Jack Parker-Holder , Michael A. Osborne , Stephen J. Roberts

Offline zero-shot reinforcement learning (RL) aims to learn agents that optimize unseen reward functions without additional environment interaction. The standard approach to this problem trains task-conditioned policies by sampling task…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Nazim Bendib , Nicolas Perrin-Gilbert , Olivier Sigaud

Off-policy reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved notable success in tackling many complex real-world tasks, by leveraging previously collected data for policy learning. However, most existing off-policy RL algorithms fail to maximally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Yu Luo , Tianying Ji , Fuchun Sun , Jianwei Zhang , Huazhe Xu , Xianyuan Zhan

Reinforcement learning algorithms typically utilize an interactive simulator (i.e., environment) with a predefined reward function for policy training. Developing such simulators and manually defining reward functions, however, is often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Woo-Jin Ahn , Sang-Ryul Baek , Yong-Jun Lee , Hyun-Duck Choi , Myo-Taeg Lim

With the success of offline reinforcement learning (RL), offline trained RL policies have the potential to be further improved when deployed online. A smooth transfer of the policy matters in safe real-world deployment. Besides, fast…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-26 Yihuan Mao , Chao Wang , Bin Wang , Chongjie Zhang

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) aims at learning a good policy from a batch of collected data, without extra interactions with the environment during training. However, current offline RL benchmarks commonly have a large reality gap,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Rongjun Qin , Songyi Gao , Xingyuan Zhang , Zhen Xu , Shengkai Huang , Zewen Li , Weinan Zhang , Yang Yu

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) is crucial when online exploration is costly or unsafe but often struggles with high epistemic uncertainty due to limited data. Existing methods rely on fixed conservative policies, restricting adaptivity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Jihwan Jeong , Xiaoyu Wang , Jingmin Wang , Scott Sanner , Pascal Poupart

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) provides a promising approach to avoid costly online interaction with the real environment. However, the performance of offline RL highly depends on the quality of the datasets, which may cause…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Yiwen Hou , Haoyuan Sun , Jinming Ma , Feng Wu

Recent advances in behavior cloning (BC) have enabled impressive visuomotor control policies. However, these approaches are limited by the quality of human demonstrations, the manual effort required for data collection, and the diminishing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Lars Ankile , Zhenyu Jiang , Rocky Duan , Guanya Shi , Pieter Abbeel , Anusha Nagabandi

Reinforcement learning (RL) has the potential to transform real-world decision-making systems by enabling autonomous agents to learn from experience. Deploying RL in real-world settings, especially in the context of human-robot interaction,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Saurav Singh , Rodney Sanchez , Alexander Ororbia , Jamison Heard

We propose a multi-time-scale predictive representation learning method to efficiently learn robust driving policies in an offline manner that generalize well to novel road geometries, and damaged and distracting lane conditions which are…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Daniel Graves , Nhat M. Nguyen , Kimia Hassanzadeh , Jun Jin , Jun Luo

Model-based reinforcement learning is an effective approach for controlling an unknown system. It is based on a longstanding pipeline familiar to the control community in which one performs experiments on the environment to collect a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-14 Bruce D. Lee , Ingvar Ziemann , George J. Pappas , Nikolai Matni

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) learns effective policies from pre-collected datasets, offering a practical solution for applications where online interactions are risky or costly. Model-based approaches are particularly advantageous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Xuyang Chen , Keyu Yan , Guojian Wang , Lin Zhao

Offline reinforcement learning enables learning from a fixed dataset, without further interactions with the environment. The lack of environmental interactions makes the policy training vulnerable to state-action pairs far from the training…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-11 Shentao Yang , Zhendong Wang , Huangjie Zheng , Yihao Feng , Mingyuan Zhou

Imitation learning has proven effective for training robots to perform complex tasks from expert human demonstrations. However, it remains limited by its reliance on high-quality, task-specific data, restricting adaptability to the diverse…

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) aims to optimize the return given a fixed dataset of agent trajectories without additional interactions with the environment. While algorithm development has progressed rapidly, significant theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Fengdi Che

Connected and Automated Hybrid Electric Vehicles have the potential to reduce fuel consumption and travel time in real-world driving conditions. The eco-driving problem seeks to design optimal speed and power usage profiles based upon…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Zhaoxuan Zhu , Nicola Pivaro , Shobhit Gupta , Abhishek Gupta , Marcello Canova

Model-based offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) constructs environment models from offline datasets to perform conservative policy optimization. Existing approaches focus on learning state transitions through ensemble models, rollouting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Hongye Cao , Fan Feng , Jing Huo , Shangdong Yang , Meng Fang , Tianpei Yang , Yang Gao

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful approach for data-driven decision-making and control. Compared to model-free methods, offline model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL) explicitly learns world models from a static dataset…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Jiayu Chen , Le Xu , Wentse Chen , Jeff Schneider
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