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Precise estimation of physical parameters underpins both scientific discovery and technological development. A central goal of quantum metrology and sensing is to exploit quantum resources like entanglement to devise optimal strategies for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Zhao-Yi Zhou , Da-Jian Zhang

We analyse the precision limits for simultaneous estimation of a pair of conjugate parameters in a displacement channel using Gaussian probes. Having a set of squeezed states as an initial resource, we compute the Holevo Cram\'er-Rao bound…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-27 Syed M. Assad , Jiamin Li , Yuhong Liu , Ningbo Zhao , Wen Zhao , Ping Koy Lam , Z. Y. Ou , Xiaoying Li

The optimal quantum measurements for estimating different unknown parameters in a parameterized quantum state are usually incompatible with each other. Traditional approaches to addressing the measurement incompatibility issue, such as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Sisi Zhou , Senrui Chen

We present a comprehensive and pedagogical formulation of Bayesian multiparameter quantum estimation. Within this framework, we analyse the role of measurement incompatibility and establish its quantitative effect on attainable precision.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Francesco Albarelli , Dominic Branford , Jesús Rubio

Multiparameter quantum estimation faces a fundamental challenge due to the inherent incompatibility of optimal measurements for different parameters, a direct consequence of quantum non-commutativity. This incompatibility is quantified by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-23 Jiayu He , Gabriele Fazio , Matteo G. A. Paris

High-precision sensors that exploit uniquely quantum phenomena have been shown to surpass the standard quantum limit of measurement precision. However, in the general scenario where multiple parameters are simultaneously encoded in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-20 Berihu Teklu , Victor Montenegro

In quantum metrology, the Holevo Cram\'er-Rao bound has attracted renewed interest in recent years due to its superiority over the Helstrom Cram\'er-Rao bound and its asymptotic attainability for multi-parameter estimation. Its evaluation,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-01 Mankei Tsang

We derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the possibility of achieving the Heisenberg scaling in general adaptive multi-parameter estimation schemes in presence of Markovian noise. In situations where the Heisenberg scaling is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-08 Wojciech Gorecki , Sisi Zhou , Liang Jiang , Rafal Demkowicz-Dobrzanski

Optimal measurements for quantum multiparameter estimation are complicated by the uncertainty principle. Generally, there is a trade-off between the precision with which different parameters can be simultaneously estimated. The task of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Simon K. Yung , C. M. Yung , Lorcán O. Conlon , Syed M. Assad

We discuss the ultimate precision bounds on the multiparameter estimation of single- and two-mode pure Gaussian states. By leveraging on previous approaches that focused on the estimation of a complex displacement only, we derive the Holevo…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-24 Gabriele Bressanini , Marco G. Genoni , M. S. Kim , Matteo G. A. Paris

We generalize the approach by Braunstein and Caves [Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3439 (1994)] to quantum multi-parameter estimation with general states. We derive a matrix bound of the classical Fisher information matrix due to each measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-10 Jing Yang , Shengshi Pang , Yiyu Zhou , Andrew N. Jordan

How well can multiple incompatible observables be implemented by a single measurement? This is a fundamental problem in quantum mechanics with wide implications for the performance optimization of numerous tasks in quantum information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-10 Hongzhen Chen , Lingna Wang , Haidong Yuan

We study quantum-limited 3D magnetometry using two qubits. Two qubits form the smallest multi-qubit system for 3D magnetometry, the simultaneous estimation of three phases, as it is impossible with a single qubit. We provide an analytical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-05 Jamie Friel , Pantita Palittapongarnpim , Francesco Albarelli , Animesh Datta

We discuss the Heisenberg limit in the multiparameter metrology within two different paradigms -- the one, where the measurement is repeated many times (so the Cram\'er-Rao bound is guaranteed to be asymptotically saturable) and the second…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-16 Wojciech Górecki , Rafał Demkowicz-Dobrzański

Quantum parameter estimation theory is an important component of quantum information theory and provides the statistical foundation that underpins important topics such as quantum system identification and quantum waveform estimation. When…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-24 Hendra I. Nurdin

We consider the problem of estimating the state of a large but finite number $N$ of identical quantum systems. In the limit of large $N$ the problem simplifies. In particular the only relevant measure of the quality of the estimation is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-18 R. D. Gill , S. Massar

We derive an asymptotic lower bound on the Bayes risk when N identical quantum systems whose state depends on a vector of unknown parameters are jointly measured in an arbitrary way and the parameters of interest estimated on the basis of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-05-02 Richard D. Gill

The quantum Cram\'er-Rao bound is a cornerstone of modern quantum metrology, as it provides the ultimate precision in parameter estimation. In the multiparameter scenario, this bound becomes a matrix inequality, which can be cast to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-15 Aaron Z. Goldberg , Luis L. Sánchez-Soto , Hugo Ferretti

Estimation of multiple parameters in an unknown Hamiltonian is investigated. We present upper and lower bounds on the time required to complete the estimation within a prescribed tolerance $\delta$. The lower bound is given on the basis of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-10 Naoto Kura , Masahito Ueda

The aim of the channel estimation is to estimate the parameters encoded in a quantum channel. For this aim, it is allowed to choose the input state as well as the measurement to get the outcome. Various precision bounds are known for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-21 Masahito Hayashi , Yingkai Ouyang