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This work presents stochastic approaches to model the counting behavior of actively quenched single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) subjected to continuous-wave constant illumination. We present both analytical expressions and simulation…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-08-27 Ivo Straka , Jan Grygar , Josef Hloušek , Miroslav Ježek

Single-photon avalanche detectors (SPADs) are crucial sensors of light for many fields and applications. However, they are not able to resolve photon number, so typically more complex and more expensive experimental setups or devices must…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-15 Patrick Banner , Deniz Kurdak , Yaxin Li , Alan Migdall , J. V. Porto , S. L. Rolston

It is not widely appreciated that many subtleties are involved in the accurate measurement of intensity-correlated photons; even for the original experiments of Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT). Using a monolithic 4x4 array of single-photon…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-08-12 D. L. Boiko , N. J. Gunther , N. Brauer , M. Sergio , C. Niclass , G. B. Beretta , E. Charbon

Single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are starting to play a pivotal role in the development of photon-efficient, long-range LiDAR systems. However, due to non-linearities in their image formation model, a high photon flux (e.g., due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Anant Gupta , Atul Ingle , Andreas Velten , Mohit Gupta

InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are widely used in practical applications requiring near-infrared photon counting such as quantum key distribution (QKD). Photon detection efficiency and dark count rate are the intrinsic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-14 Jian Ma , Bing Bai , Liu-Jun Wang , Cun-Zhu Tong , Ge Jin , Jun Zhang , Jian-Wei Pan

Traditional CMOS sensors suffer from restricted dynamic range and sub optimal performance under extreme lighting conditions. They are affected by electronic noise in low light conditions and pixel saturation while capturing high…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-18 Sumit Sharma , Girish Rongali , Kaushik Mitra

Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are the most sensitive instruments for light detection. In the near-infrared range, SPDs based on III-V compound semiconductor avalanche photodiodes have been extensively used during the past two decades for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Jun Zhang , Mark A. Itzler , Hugo Zbinden , Jian-Wei Pan

Photonic integration is a promising route to miniaturise the hardware of quantum key distribution (QKD), yet the monolithic integration of single photon detectors remains a significant challenge. QKD receiver chips integrating…

Time-resolved single photon imaging is a promising imaging modality characterized by the unique capability of timestamping the arrivals of single photons. Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) are the leading technology for implementing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Aleksi Suonsivu , Lauri Salmela , Edoardo Peretti , Leevi Uosukainen , Radu Ciprian Bilcu , Giacomo Boracchi

Fluorescence microscopy and derived techniques are continuously looking for photodetectors able to guarantee increased sensitivity, high spatial and temporal resolution and ease of integration into modern microscopy architectures. Recent…

Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are widely used in applications requiring extremely weak light detection. In the near-infrared region, SPDs based on InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are the primary candidates for practical…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-03-07 Chao Yu , Qi Xu , Jun Zhang

SPAD cameras offer single photon detection sensitivity, high frame rates and zero readout noise. They are a core technology for widefield FLIM, but have further potential in ultra-fast imaging applications. However, in practice sensitivity…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2016-02-15 Istvan Gyongy , Amy Davies , Neale A. W. Dutton , Rory Duncan , Colin Rickman , Robert K. Henderson , Paul Dalgarno

Silicon single-photon detectors (SPDs) are the key devices for detecting single photons in the visible wavelength range. Here we present high detection efficiency silicon SPDs dedicated to the generation of multiphoton entanglement based on…

High-resolution 3D tracking with sub-nanosecond timing is required for the detection of elementary particles, such as neutrinos. Conventional detectors, which utilize analog silicon photomultipliers, face challenges in balancing spatial…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-11-24 Kodai Kaneyasu , Till Dieminger , Matthew Franks , Davide Sgalaberna , Claudio Bruschini , Edoardo Charbon

Quantum techniques can be used to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio in optical imaging. Leveraging the latest advances in single photon avalanche diode array cameras and multi-photon detection techniques, here we introduce a super-sensitive…

Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) based transient imaging suffers from an aberration called pile-up. When multiple photons arrive within a single repetition period of the illuminating laser, the SPAD records only the arrival of the first…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2018-06-21 Adithya K. Pediredla , Aswin C. Sankaranarayanan , Mauro Buttafava , Alberto Tosi , Ashok Veeraraghavan

Active 3D imaging systems have broad applications across disciplines, including biological imaging, remote sensing and robotics. Applications in these domains require fast acquisition times, high timing resolution, and high detection…

Applied Physics · Physics 2018-06-12 Felix Heide , Steven Diamond , David B. Lindell , Gordon Wetzstein

Pixelation occurs in many imaging systems and limits the spatial resolution of the acquired images. This effect is notably present in quantum imaging experiments with correlated photons in which the number of pixels used to detect…

Entangled photons have the remarkable ability to be more sensitive to signal and less sensitive to noise than classical light. Joint photons can sample an object collectively, resulting in faster phase accumulation and higher spatial…

Optics · Physics 2015-09-04 Chien-Hung Lu , Matthew Reichert , Xiaohang Sun , Jason W. Fleischer

High-dimensional entangled states, such as spatially-entangled photon pairs produced by Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion (SPDC), are a key resource for quantum technologies. In recent years, camera-based coincidence counting…