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Autonomous robots combine a variety of skills to form increasingly complex behaviors called missions. While the skills are often programmed at a relatively low level of abstraction, their coordination is architecturally separated and often…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Razan Ghzouli , Thorsten Berger , Einar Broch Johnsen , Swaib Dragule , Andrzej Wąsowski

Modern manufacturing demands robotic assembly systems with enhanced flexibility and reliability. However, traditional approaches often rely on programming tailored to each product by experts for fixed settings, which are inherently…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Xiwei Zhao , Yiwei Wang , Yansong Wu , Fan Wu , Teng Sun , Zhonghua Miao , Sami Haddadin , Alois Knoll

This paper proposes an Interactive Inference Behavior Tree (IIBT) framework that integrates behavior trees (BTs) with active inference under the free energy principle for distributed multi-robot decision-making. The proposed IIBT node…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Chaoran Wang , Jingyuan Sun , Yanhui Zhang , Changju Wu

Behavior Trees (BTs) offer a powerful paradigm for designing modular and reactive robot controllers. BT planning, an emerging field, provides theoretical guarantees for the automated generation of reliable BTs. However, BT planning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yishuai Cai , Xinglin Chen , Yunxin Mao , Kun Hu , Minglong Li , Yaodong Yang , Yuanpei Chen

In this paper we will give a control theoretic perspective on the research area of behavior trees in robotics. The key idea underlying behavior trees is to make use of modularity, hierarchies and feedback, in order to handle the complexity…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Petter Ögren , Christopher I. Sprague

With the rising demand for flexible manufacturing, robots are increasingly expected to operate in dynamic environments where local -- such as slight offsets or size differences in workpieces -- are common. We propose to address the problem…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Marco Iannotta , Johannes A. Stork , Erik Schaffernicht , Todor Stoyanov

With the advancements in modern intelligent technologies, mobile robots equipped with manipulators are increasingly operating in unstructured environments. These robots can plan sequences of actions for long-horizon tasks based on perceived…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Huihui Guo , Huizhang Luo , Huilong Pi , Mingxing Duan , Kenli Li , Chubo Liu

Behavior Trees (BTs) got the robotics society attention not least thanks to their modularity and reusability. The subtrees of BTs could be treated as separate behaviors and therefore reused. We address the following research question: do we…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Evgenii Safronov

In this paper, we enable automated property verification of deliberative components in robot control architectures. We focus on formalizing the execution context of Behavior Trees (BTs) to provide a scalable, yet formally grounded,…

Fast changing tasks in unpredictable, collaborative environments are typical for medium-small companies, where robotised applications are increasing. Thus, robot programs should be generated in short time with small effort, and the robot…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Oscar Gustavsson , Matteo Iovino , Jonathan Styrud , Christian Smith

Modern industrial applications require robots to be able to operate in unpredictable environments, and programs to be created with a minimal effort, as there may be frequent changes to the task. In this paper, we show that genetic…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-09 Matteo Iovino , Jonathan Styrud , Pietro Falco , Christian Smith

In recent years, robots are used in an increasing variety of tasks, especially by small- and medium- sized enterprises. These tasks are usually fast-changing, they have a collaborative scenario and happen in unpredictable environments with…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Matteo Iovino , Fethiye Irmak Doğan , Iolanda Leite , Christian Smith

The Industry 4.0 paradigm manifests the shift towards mass customization and cyber-physical production systems (CPPS) and sets new requirements for industrial automation software in terms of modularity, flexibility, and short development…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Aleksandr Sidorenko , Mahdi Rezapour , Achim Wagner , Martin Ruskowski

In recent years, the model of computation known as Behavior Trees (BT), first developed in the video game industry, has become more popular in the robotics community for defining discrete behavior switching. BTs are threatening to supplant…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Joshua M. Zutell , David C. Conner , Philipp Schillinger

It is difficult to create robust, reusable, and reactive behaviors for robots that can be easily extended and combined. Frameworks such as Behavior Trees are flexible but difficult to characterize, especially when designing reactions and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-08-07 Chris Paxton , Nathan Ratliff , Clemens Eppner , Dieter Fox

Multi-robot task planning and collaboration are critical challenges in robotics. While Behavior Trees (BTs) have been established as a popular control architecture and are plannable for a single robot, the development of effective…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Yishuai Cai , Xinglin Chen , Zhongxuan Cai , Yunxin Mao , Minglong Li , Wenjing Yang , Ji Wang

Behavior Trees are commonly used to model agents for robotics and games, where constrained behaviors must be designed by human experts in order to guarantee that these agents will execute a specific chain of actions given a specific set of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-06-09 Renato de Pontes Pereira , Paulo Martins Engel

Industrial robots can solve very complex tasks in controlled environments, but modern applications require robots able to operate in unpredictable surroundings as well. An increasingly popular reactive policy architecture in robotics is…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Jonathan Styrud , Matteo Iovino , Mikael Norrlöf , Mårten Björkman , Christian Smith

Interpretable policy representations like Behavior Trees (BTs) and Dynamic Motion Primitives (DMPs) enable robot skill transfer from human demonstrations, but each faces limitations: BTs require expert-crafted low-level actions, while DMPs…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-14 David Cáceres Domínguez , Erik Schaffernicht , Todor Stoyanov

Behavior Trees (BTs) have become a popular framework for designing controllers of autonomous agents in the computer game and in the robotics industry. One of the key advantages of BTs lies in their modularity, where independent modules can…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-08-25 Michele Colledanchise , Lorenzo Natale