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The use of artificial intelligence technology in education is growing rapidly, with increasing attention being paid to handwritten mathematical expression recognition (HMER) by researchers. However, many existing methods for HMER may fail…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Ziqi Ye

Offline handwritten mathematical expression recognition is a challenging task, because handwritten mathematical expressions mainly have two problems in the process of recognition. On one hand, it is how to correctly recognize different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-29 Guangcun Shan , Hongyu Wang , Wei Liang

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) has extensive applications in automated grading and office automation. However, existing sequence-based decoding methods, which directly predict $\LaTeX$ sequences, struggle to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Jianhua Zhu , Wenqi Zhao , Yu Li , Xingjian Hu , Liangcai Gao

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) remains a persistent challenge in Optical Character Recognition (OCR) due to the inherent freedom of symbol layouts and variability in handwriting styles. Prior methods have faced…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Yu Li , Jin Jiang , Jianhua Zhu , Shuai Peng , Baole Wei , Yuxuan Zhou , Liangcai Gao

Handwritten mathematical expressions (HMEs) contain ambiguities in their interpretations, even for humans sometimes. Several math symbols are very similar in the writing style, such as dot and comma or 0, O, and o, which is a challenge for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Huy Quang Ung , Cuong Tuan Nguyen , Hung Tuan Nguyen , Thanh-Nghia Truong , Masaki Nakagawa

This work proposes an attention-based sequence-to-sequence model for handwritten word recognition and explores transfer learning for data-efficient training of HTR systems. To overcome training data scarcity, this work leverages models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Dmitrijs Kass , Ekta Vats

In this paper, a robust multiscale neural network is proposed to recognize handwritten mathematical expressions and output LaTeX sequences, which can effectively and correctly focus on where each step of output should be concerned and has a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Hongyu Wang , Guangcun Shan

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) has wide applications in human-machine interaction scenarios, such as digitized education and automated offices. Recently, sequence-based models with encoder-decoder architectures have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Tongkun Guan , Chengyu Lin , Wei Shen , Xiaokang Yang

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition (HMER) suffers from complex formula structures and character layouts in sequence prediction. In this paper, we incorporate frequency domain analysis into HMER and propose a method that marries…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Huanxin Yang , Qiwen Wang

Micro-expressions (MEs) are brief, involuntary facial movements that reveal genuine emotions, typically lasting less than half a second. Recognizing these subtle expressions is critical for applications in psychology, security, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Vu Tram Anh Khuong , Luu Tu Nguyen , Thanh Ha Le , Thi Duyen Ngo

Micro-expressions recognition (MER) has essential application value in many fields, but the short duration and low intensity of micro-expressions (MEs) bring considerable challenges to MER. The current MER methods in deep learning mainly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Liangyu Fu , Xuecheng Wu , Danlei Huang , Xinyi Yin

Handwritten document recognition (HDR) is one of the most challenging tasks in the field of computer vision, due to the various writing styles and complex layouts inherent in handwritten texts. Traditionally, this problem has been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Mohammed Hamdan , Abderrahmane Rahiche , Mohamed Cheriet

Large foundation models have achieved significant performance gains through scalable training on massive datasets. However, the field of \textbf{H}andwritten \textbf{M}athematical \textbf{E}xpression \textbf{R}ecognition (HMER) has been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Haoyang Li , Jiaqing Li , Jialun Cao , Zongyuan Yang , Yongping Xiong

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition is foundational for educational technologies, enabling applications like digital note-taking and automated grading. While modern encoder-decoder architectures with large language models excel…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Jakob Seitz , Tobias Lengfeld , Radu Timofte

The Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) task is a critical branch in the field of OCR. Recent studies have demonstrated that incorporating bidirectional context information significantly improves the performance of HMER…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Hanbo Cheng , Chenyu Liu , Pengfei Hu , Zhenrong Zhang , Jiefeng Ma , Jun Du

The paper approaches the task of handwritten text recognition (HTR) with attentional encoder-decoder networks trained on sequences of characters, rather than words. We experiment on lines of text from popular handwriting datasets and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Jason Poulos , Rafael Valle

Dynamic Music Emotion Recognition (DMER) aims to predict the emotion of different moments in music, playing a crucial role in music information retrieval. The existing DMER methods struggle to capture long-term dependencies when dealing…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Dengming Zhang , Weitao You , Ziheng Liu , Lingyun Sun , Pei Chen

Micro-expression recognition (MER) aims to recognize the short and subtle facial movements from the Micro-expression (ME) video clips, which reveal real emotions. Recent MER methods mostly only utilize special frames from ME video clips or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Haihong Hao , Shuo Wang , Huixia Ben , Yanbin Hao , Yansong Wang , Weiwei Wang

Scaled dot-product attention applies a softmax function on the scaled dot-product of queries and keys to calculate weights and then multiplies the weights and values. In this work, we study how to improve the learning of scaled dot-product…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Kaikai Zhao , Norimichi Ukita

Micro-expression recognition (MER) is valuable because micro-expressions (MEs) can reveal genuine emotions. Most works take image sequences as input and cannot effectively explore ME information because subtle ME-related motions are easily…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Jinsheng Wei , Wei Peng , Guanming Lu , Yante Li , Jingjie Yan , Guoying Zhao