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A fractional-order (FO) based controller for a grid-connected PV system is presented in this paper. A single phase two-stage grid-connected photovoltaic generator (PVG) is used to test the performance of the FO controller. The main…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-30 Shah Fahad , Nasim Ullah , Ali Jafer Mahdi , Asier Ibeas , Arman Goudarzi

With the emergence of low-inertia microgrids powered by inverter-based generation, there remains a concern about the operational resilience of these systems. Grid-forming inverters (GFMs), enabled by various device-level (primary) and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-23 Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Alok Kumar Bharati , Subhrajit Sinha , Soumya Kundu , Veronica Adetola , Kevin Schneider

Design and implementation of an optimal and robust single-loop voltage controller is proposed for single-phase grid forming voltage source inverter (VSI). The objective of the proposed controller is to have good reference tracking and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-16 Soham Chakraborty , Sourav Patel , Murti V. Salapaka

A multi-input multi-output based grid-forming (MIMO-GFM) converter has been proposed using multivariable feedback control, which has been proven as a superior and robust system using low-order controllers. However, the original MIMO-GFM…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-05 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Frede Blaabjerg

An increasing integration of photovoltaic units, electric vehicle chargers, heat pumps, and energy storage systems challenges low-voltage power grids and can cause voltage range violation, loss of stability, (local) overload of lines, and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Davood Keshavarzi , Alexander Koehler , Stefan M. Goetz

Recent work has proposed a universal framework that integrates the well-established power synchronization control into vector current control. Using this controller for the parallel operation of grid-forming converters, and/or with loads…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-23 Orcun Karaca , Irina Subotic , Lennart Harnefors , Ioannis Tsoumas

In this paper, we introduce Voltage Phasor Control (VPC), also known as Phasor Based Control, as a novel way of implementing Optimal Power Flow (OPF). Unlike conventional OPF, in which the power flow optimization broadcasts power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-19 Keith Moffat , Alexandra von Meier

In this paper, we investigate the transient stability of a state-of-the-art grid-forming complex-droop control (i.e., dispatchable virtual oscillator control, dVOC) under current saturation. We quantify the saturation level of a converter…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-03 Maitraya Avadhut Desai , Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

Grid-forming (GFM) converters face significant challenges in limiting current during transient grid events while preserving their grid-forming behavior. This paper offers an elegant solution to the problem with a priori guarantees,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-14 Michael Schneeberger , Silvia Mastellone , Florian Dörfler

This paper discusses an extension technology for the previously proposed Flexible Line-Commutated Converter (Flex LCC) [1]. The proposed extension involves modifying the arm internal-electromotive-force control, redesigning the main-circuit…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-11 Qianhao Sun , Ruofan Li , Jichen Wang , Mingchao Xia , Qifang Chen , Meiqi Fan , Gen Li , Xuebo Qiao

This paper develops a nonlinear grid-forming (GFM) controller with provable voltage-formation guarantees, with over-current limiting enforced via a control-barrier-function (CBF)-based safety filter. The nominal controller follows a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-04 Bhathiya Rathnayake , Sijia Geng

Grid-forming voltage source converter (GF-VSC) has been identified as the key technology for the operation of future converter-dominated power systems. Among many other issues, transient stability of this type of power systems remains an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-09 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Javier Renedo , Luis Rouco , Aurelio García-Cerrada , Lukas Sigrist , Taoufik Qoria , Xavier Guillaud

With the rapid adoption of emerging inverter-based resources, it is crucial to understand their dynamic interactions across the network and ensure stability. This paper proposes a systematic and efficient method to determine the optimal…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-23 Sushobhan Chatterjee , Sijia Geng

This work investigates the transient and dynamical behavior of hybrid AC/DC systems using dual-port grid-forming (GFM) control. A generalized modeling framework for hybrid AC/DC networks is first introduced that accounts for converter,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Irina Subotić , Dominic Groß , Alexander Winkens , Julian Jansen , Florian Klein-Helmkamp , Andreas Ulbig

In modern power systems, grid-forming power converters (GFMCs) have emerged as an enabling technology. However, the modeling of single-phase GFMCs faces new challenges. In particular, the nonlinear orthogonal signal generation unit, crucial…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-18 Wenjia Si , Chenming Liu , Steven Liu , Hongchang Li , Chenghui Zhang , Jingyang Fang

In this paper, we present a novel decentralized controller to drive multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into a symmetric formation of regular polygon shape surrounding a mobile target. The proposed controller works for time-varying…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-09-06 Rajdeep Dutta , Chunjiang Qian , Liang Sun , Daniel Pack

The large-scale integration of inverter-interfaced renewable energy sources presents significant challenges to maintaining power balance and nominal frequency in modern power systems. This paper studies grid-level coordinated control of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Xiaoyang Wang , Xin Chen

Grid-following (GFL) inverters are commonly used for integrating renewable energy sources into power grids. However, the dynamic performance of GFL models can be significantly impacted by the Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) in a weak grid, leading…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-03 Phuoc Sang Nguyen , Ghavameddin Nourbakhsh , Gerard Ledwich

This work explores the stability, behavior, variants, and a controller-hardware-in-the-loop (C-HiL) verification of the recently proposed grid-forming (GFM) hybrid angle control (HAC). We revisit the foundation of GFM HAC, and highlight its…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-19 Ali Tayyebi , Denis Vettoretti , Adolfo Anta , Florian Dörfler

Grid-forming (GFM) converter is deemed as one enabler for high penetration of renewable energy resources in power system. However, as will be pointed out in this letter, the conventional power-to-frequency (P-f) GFM control will face a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-10 Chu Sun