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Most previously proposed controllers are analyzed in the small-signal/quasi-steady regime rather than large-signal or transient stability for grid-forming inverters (GFMI). Additionally, methods that presume system-wide data--global…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-12 Qianxi Tang , Li Peng

Integrating grid-forming converters (GFMCs) into grid-following converter (GFLC)-dominated power systems enhances the grid strength, but GFMCs' current-limiting characteristic triggers dynamic switching between constant voltage control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-22 Bingfang Li , Songhao Yang , Pu Cheng , Zhiguo Hao

This paper studies control interactions between grid-forming (GFM) converters exhibited by power and frequency oscillations in a weakly connected offshore wind power plant (WPP). Two GFM controls are considered, namely virtual synchronous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-15 Sulav Ghimire , Kanakesh V. Kkuni , Gabriel M. G. Guerreiro , Emerson D. Guest , Kim H. Jensen , Guangya Yang

Modern power systems increasingly demand converter-driven generation systems that integrate seamlessly with grid infrastructure. Grid-based converters are particularly advantageous, as they operate in harmony with conventional synchronous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-19 Somayeh Mehri Boroojeni , Ehsan Sharafoddin

This paper demonstrates the key features of a control system applicable to inverter-based resources (IBR), which is based on grid-forming technology. Such resources are classified as grid-forming or grid-following converters based on the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Yangyadatta Tripathy , Barjeev Tyagi

In this work, we investigate grid-forming (GFM) control for dc/ac power converters in emerging power systems that contain ac and dc networks, renewable generation, and conventional generation. We propose a novel power-balancing GFM control…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-07-20 Irina Subotić , Dominic Groß

To address the frequency stability challenges posed by the rising penetration of power electronics in power systems, HVDC-connected offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) are increasingly expected to provide inertial response and frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-25 Zhenghua XU , Dominic Groß , George Alin Raducu , Behnam Nouri , Oscar Saborío-Romano , Nicolaos A. Cutululis

This paper proposes a novel two-layer Volt/VAR control (VVC) framework to regulate the voltage profiles across an unbalanced active distribution system, which achieves both the efficient open-loop optimization and accurate closed-loop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-12-25 Yifei Guo , Qianzhi Zhang , Zhaoyu Wang , Fankun Bu , Yuxuan Yuan

We consider the problem of grid-forming control of power converters in low-inertia power systems. Starting from an average-switch three-phase inverter model, we draw parallels to a synchronous machine (SM) model and propose a novel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-04-27 Catalin Arghir , Taouba Jouini , Florian Dorfler

In a purely inverter-based microgrid, both grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) inverters will have a crucial role to play in frequency/voltage regulation and maintaining power sharing through their grid support capabilities.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-01 Ankit Singhal , Thanh Long Vu , Wei Du

This paper explores the analysis and implementation of the Virtual Oscillator Control (VOC) strategy for inverters aiming to enhance stability amidst the ever-increasing generation of renewable energy sources like solar PV. Key objectives…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-11 Dixant Bikal Sapkota , Puskar Neupane , Bivek Shiwakoti , Saugat Baral , Panas Bhattarai , Basanta Kumar Gautam

Grid-forming, particularly those utilizing droop control and virtual synchronous generators (VSG), can actively regulate the frequency and voltage of microgrid systems, exhibiting dynamic characteristics akin to those of synchronous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-13 Yan Tong , Qin Wang , Aihong Tang

We prove that the popular grid-forming control, i.e., dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC), also termed complex droop control, exhibits output-feedback passivity in its large-signal model, featuring an explicit and physically…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-05 Xiuqiang He , Florian Dörfler

Integration of distributed energy resources has created a need for autonomous, dynamic voltage regulation. Decentralized Volt-VAr Control (VVC) of grid-connected inverters presents a unique opportunity for voltage management but, if…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-17 Daniel Russell , Dakota Hamilton , Mads R. Almassalkhi , Hamid R. Ossareh

HVDC-connected offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) are expected to provide inertial response and frequency containment reserve (FCR) to help address the frequency control challenges caused by the growing penetration of power electronics in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-21 Zhenghua Xu , Dominic Gross , George Alin Raducu , Hesam Khazraj , Nicolaos A. Cutululis

This work focuses on grid-forming (GFM) control of Interconnecting Power Converters (IPCs) that are used to interconnect multiple HVAC and HVDC subgrids to form a grid of grids. We introduce the concept of dual-port GFM control that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-07 Dominic Groß , Sánchez-Sánchez , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

The classic design of grid-forming control strategies for power converters rely on the stringent assumption of the timescale separation between DC and AC states and their corresponding control loops, e.g., AC and DC loops, power and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-05 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Ali Tayyebi , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler , Frede Blaabjerg

Stability of power grids with synchronous generators (SGs) and renewable generation interfaced with grid-forming converters (GFCs) under dc-side current limitation is studied. To that end, we first consider a simple 2-bus test system and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-03 Sayan Samanta , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri

In this paper, an actuator active fault-tolerant controller (FTC) is proposed for the voltage source converter (VSC) which interfaces a distributed energy resource (DER) to the power grid. The proposed active FTC includes two units:…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-03-12 Behnam Khaki , Heybet Kiliç , Musa Yilmaz

Grid-forming (GFM) control has been considered a promising solution for accommodating large-scale power electronics converters into modern power grids thanks to its grid-friendly dynamics, in particular, voltage source behavior on the AC…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-23 Huanhai Xin , Chenxi Liu , Xia Chen , Yuxuan Wang , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Linbin Huang