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This article concerns the expressive power of depth in neural nets with ReLU activations and bounded width. We are particularly interested in the following questions: what is the minimal width $w_{\text{min}}(d)$ so that ReLU nets of width…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-22 Boris Hanin

Deep neural networks have emerged as powerful tools for learning operators defined over infinite-dimensional function spaces. However, existing theories frequently encounter difficulties related to dimensionality and limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jianfei Li , Shuo Huang , Han Feng , Ding-Xuan Zhou , Gitta Kutyniok

We discuss the expressive power of neural networks which use the non-smooth ReLU activation function $\varrho(x) = \max\{0,x\}$ by analyzing the approximation theoretic properties of such networks. The existing results mainly fall into two…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2019-04-10 Felix Voigtlaender , Philipp Petersen

In this effort, we derive a formula for the integral representation of a shallow neural network with the ReLU activation function. We assume that the outer weighs admit a finite $L_1$-norm with respect to Lebesgue measure on the sphere. For…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-12 Armenak Petrosyan , Anton Dereventsov , Clayton Webster

The use of separable approximations is proposed to mitigate the curse of dimensionality related to the approximation of high-dimensional value functions in optimal control. The separable approximation exploits intrinsic decaying sensitivity…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-08-26 Mario Sperl , Luca Saluzzi , Dante Kalise , Lars Grüne

Recent years have witnessed strong empirical performance of over-parameterized neural networks on various tasks and many advances in the theory, e.g. the universal approximation and provable convergence to global minimum. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-26 Shiyun Xu , Zhiqi Bu

This paper investigates the approximation properties of shallow neural networks with activation functions that are powers of exponential functions. It focuses on the dependence of the approximation rate on the dimension and the smoothness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Jian Lu , Xiaohuang Huang

This note establishes a theoretical framework for finding (potentially overparameterized) approximations of a function on a compact set with a-priori bounds for the generalization error. The approximation method considered is to choose,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-23 Arthur C. B. de Oliveira , Ruigang Wang , Ian R. Manchester , Eduardo D. Sontag

It is well known that Artificial Neural Networks are universal approximators. The classical result proves that, given a continuous function on a compact set on an n-dimensional space, then there exists a one-hidden-layer feedforward network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-23 Rocio Gonzalez-Diaz , Miguel A. Gutiérrez-Naranjo , Eduardo Paluzo-Hidalgo

Neural network based approximate computing is a universal architecture promising to gain tremendous energy-efficiency for many error resilient applications. To guarantee the approximation quality, existing works deploy two neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-19 Zhenghao Peng , Xuyang Chen , Chengwen Xu , Naifeng Jing , Xiaoyao Liang , Cewu Lu , Li Jiang

We prove that every nonnegative continuous real-valued function on a given compact metric space is the uniform limit of some increasing sequence of nonnegative simple functions being linear combinations of indicators of open sets; here the…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2020-10-21 Yu-Lin Chou

We introduce a Banach space-valued extension of random feature learning, a data-driven supervised machine learning technique for large-scale kernel approximation. By randomly initializing the feature maps, only the linear readout needs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ariel Neufeld , Philipp Schmocker

In order to choose a neural network architecture that will be effective for a particular modeling problem, one must understand the limitations imposed by each of the potential options. These limitations are typically described in terms of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-02 Jesse Johnson

We study the universality of complex-valued neural networks with bounded widths and arbitrary depths. Under mild assumptions, we give a full description of those activation functions $\varrho:\mathbb{C}\to \mathbb{C}$ that have the property…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2024-11-27 Paul Geuchen , Thomas Jahn , Hannes Matt

Equivariant neural networks provide a principled framework for incorporating symmetry into learning architectures and have been extensively analyzed through the lens of their separation power, that is, the ability to distinguish inputs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Marco Pacini , Gabriele Santin , Bruno Lepri , Shubhendu Trivedi

Many practical problems need the output of a machine learning model to satisfy a set of constraints, $K$. Nevertheless, there is no known guarantee that classical neural network architectures can exactly encode constraints while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Anastasis Kratsios , Behnoosh Zamanlooy , Tianlin Liu , Ivan Dokmanić

We develop a quantitative approximation theory for shallow neural networks using tools from time-frequency analysis. Working in weighted modulation spaces $M^{p,q}_m(\mathbf{R}^{d})$, we prove dimension-independent approximation rates in…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-14 Ahmed Abdeljawad , Elena Cordero

In this paper we are concerned with the approximation of functions by single hidden layer neural networks with ReLU activation functions on the unit circle. In particular, we are interested in the case when the number of data-points exceeds…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2021-04-02 Benny Avelin , Vesa Julin

The method recently introduced in arXiv:2011.10115 realizes a deep neural network with just a single nonlinear element and delayed feedback. It is applicable for the description of physically implemented neural networks. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-04 Florian Stelzer , Serhiy Yanchuk

To better understand complexity in neural networks, we theoretically investigate the idealised phenomenon of lossless network compressibility, whereby an identical function can be implemented with fewer hidden units. In the setting of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Matthew Farrugia-Roberts