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Cryptographic schemes like Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) and Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs), while offering powerful privacy-preserving capabilities, are often hindered by their computational complexity. Polynomial multiplication, a core…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Rabimba Karanjai , Sangwon Shin , and Wujie Xiong , Xinxin Fan , Lin Chen , Tianwei Zhang , Taeweon Suh , Weidong Shi , Veronika Kuchta , Francesco Sica , Lei Xu

We prove the equivalence between the Ring Learning With Errors (RLWE) and the Polynomial Learning With Errors (PLWE) problems for the maximal totally real subfield of the $2^r 3^s$-th cyclotomic field for $r \geq 3$ and $s \geq 1$.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Joonas Ahola , Iván Blanco-Chacón , Wilmar Bolaños , Antti Haavikko , Camilla Hollanti , Rodrigo Martín Sánchez-Ledesma

Homomorphic Encryption (HE) draws a significant attention as a privacy-preserving way for cloud computing because it allows computation on encrypted messages called ciphertexts. Among numerous HE schemes proposed, HE for Arithmetic of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-15 Wonkyung Jung , Eojin Lee , Sangpyo Kim , Keewoo Lee , Namhoon Kim , Chohong Min , Jung Hee Cheon , Jung Ho Ahn

Homomorphic encryption (HE) allows computations to be directly carried out on ciphertexts and is essential to privacy-preserving computing, such as neural network inference, medical diagnosis, and financial data analysis. Only addition and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Sajjad Akherati , Yok Jye Tang , Xinmiao Zhang

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) relies heavily on the Number Theoretic Transform (NTT), making NTT a major performance bottleneck due to its intensive polynomial computations. Hybrid Homomorphic Encryption (HHE), which integrates…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Hang Gu , Teng Wang , Qianyu Cheng , Jinao Li , Zhendong Zheng , Lei Gong , Wenqi Lou , Xi Li , Xuehai Zhou

This paper presents a low-latency hardware accelerator for modular polynomial multiplication for lattice-based post-quantum cryptography and homomorphic encryption applications. The proposed novel modular polynomial multiplier exploits the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Weihang Tan , Antian Wang , Yingjie Lao , Xinmiao Zhang , Keshab K. Parhi

Homomorphic encryption (HE) is a promising technique used for privacy-preserving computation. Since HE schemes only support primitive polynomial operations, homomorphic evaluation of polynomial approximations for non-polynomial functions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-27 John Chiang

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) enables direct computation on encrypted data, making it a crucial technology for privacy protection. However, FHE suffers from significant performance bottlenecks. In this context, GPU acceleration offers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Zhiwei Wang , Haoqi He , Lutan Zhao , Peinan Li , Zhihao Li , Dan Meng , Rui Hou

In this paper, we present a method to encrypt dynamic controllers that can be implemented through most homomorphic encryption schemes, including somewhat, leveled fully, and fully homomorphic encryption. To this end, we represent the output…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-02 Joowon Lee , Donggil Lee , Junsoo Kim , Hyungbo Shim

This paper introduces efficient modifications to neural network-based sequence processing approaches, laying new grounds for scalable privacy-preserving machine learning under Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE). Transformers are now…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Rickard Brännvall , Tony Zhang , Henrik Forsgren , Andrei Stoian , Fredrik Sandin , Marcus Liwicki

The Learning with Errors (\LWE) problem has been widely utilized as a foundation for numerous cryptographic tools over the years. In this study, we focus on an algebraic variant of the \LWE problem called \emph{Group ring} \LWE ($\GRLWE$).…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Jiaqi Liu , Fang-Wei Fu

Privacy-preserving neural network (NN) inference can be achieved by utilizing homomorphic encryption (HE), which allows computations to be directly carried out over ciphertexts. Popular HE schemes are built over large polynomial rings. To…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Sajjad Akherati , Xinmiao Zhang

With the rapid advancement of AI technology, we have seen more and more concerns on data privacy, leading to some cutting-edge research on machine learning with encrypted computation. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is a crucial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Longfei Guo , Pengbo Li , Ting Gao , Yonghai Zhong , Haojie Fan , Jinqiao Duan

Homomorphic encryption (HE) enables calculating on encrypted data, which makes it possible to perform privacypreserving neural network inference. One disadvantage of this technique is that it is several orders of magnitudes slower than…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Wouter Legiest , Jan-Pieter D'Anvers , Furkan Turan , Michiel Van Beirendonck , Ingrid Verbauwhede

Homomorphic encryption (HE) is a promising privacy-preserving technique for cross-silo federated learning (FL), where organizations perform collaborative model training on decentralized data. Despite the strong privacy guarantee, general HE…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Zhifeng Jiang , Wei Wang , Yang Liu

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) allows arbitrarily complex computations on encrypted data without ever needing to decrypt it, thus enabling us to maintain data privacy on third-party systems. Unfortunately, sustaining deep computations…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Leo de Castro , Rashmi Agrawal , Rabia Yazicigil , Anantha Chandrakasan , Vinod Vaikuntanathan , Chiraag Juvekar , Ajay Joshi

Fully-Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) offers powerful capabilities by enabling secure offloading of both storage and computation, and recent innovations in schemes and implementations have made it all the more attractive. At the same time, FHE…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Roshan Dathathri , Blagovesta Kostova , Olli Saarikivi , Wei Dai , Kim Laine , Madanlal Musuvathi

Homomorphic encryption (HE) is a promising technology for confidential cloud computing, as it allows computations on encrypted data. However, HE is computationally expensive and often memory-bound on conventional computer architectures.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Niklas Klinger , Jonas Sander , Peterson Yuhala , Pascal Felber , Thomas Eisenbarth

With the rapid increase in cloud computing, concerns surrounding data privacy, security, and confidentiality also have been increased significantly. Not only cloud providers are susceptible to internal and external hacks, but also in some…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-27 M. Sadegh Riazi , Kim Laine , Blake Pelton , Wei Dai

While end-to-end encryption protects the content of messages, it does not secure metadata, which exposes sender and receiver information through traffic analysis. A plausible approach to protecting this metadata is to have senders post…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Grant Bosworth , Keewoo Lee , Sunwoong Kim