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We study a new variant of \emph{connected coloring} of graphs based on the concept of \emph{strong} edge coloring (every color class forms an \emph{induced} matching). In particular, an edge-colored path is \emph{strongly proper} if its…

A proper edge coloring of a graph $G$ with colors $1,2,\dots,t$ is called a cyclic interval $t$-coloring if for each vertex $v$ of $G$ the edges incident to $v$ are colored by consecutive colors, under the condition that color $1$ is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-11-15 Armen S. Asratian , Carl Johan Casselgren , Petros A. Petrosyan

A vertex colouring of some graph is called perfect if each vertex of colour $i$ has exactly $a_{ij}$ neighbours of colour $j$. Being perfect imposes several restrictions on the colour incidence matrix $(a_{ij})$. We list several (old and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-06-17 Joseph R. C. Damasco , Dirk Frettlöh

A coalition in a graph $G$ with vertex set $V$ consists of two disjoint sets $V_1, V_2\subset V$ such that neither $V_1$ nor $V_2$ is a dominating set, but the union $V_1\cup V_2$ is a dominating set in $G$. A partition of graph vertices is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-04-29 Andrey A. Dobrynin , Hamidreza Golmohammadi

Let $G$ be a graph and let $C$ be a color set of cardinality $k$. Suppose $c \colon V(G) \to C$ is a (not necessarily proper) vertex coloring whose all color classes are $V_1$, $V_2$, $\dots$, $V_k$, each of which is nonempty. The vertex…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-15 Saeed Shaebani

For a graph $G$, let $\chi(G)$ and $\omega(G)$ respectively denote the chromatic number and clique number of $G$. We give an explicit structural description of ($P_5$,gem)-free graphs, and show that every such graph $G$ satisfies…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-10-07 M. Chudnovsky , T. Karthick , P. Maceli , Frederic Maffray

A graph G is distinguished if its vertices are labelled by a map \phi: V(G) \longrightarrow {1,2,...,k} so that no graph automorphism preserves \phi. The distinguishing number of G is the minimum number k necessary for \phi to distinguish…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Julianna S. Tymoczko

For a graph G and an integer t we let mcc_t(G) be the smallest m such that there exists a coloring of the vertices of G by t colors with no monochromatic connected subgraph having more than m vertices. Let F be any nontrivial minor-closed…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 N. Linial , J. Matousek , O. Sheffet , G. Tardos

Let $G$ be an edge-colored connected graph. A path $P$ in $G$ is called a distance $\ell$-proper path if no two edges of the same color appear with fewer than $\ell$ edges in between on $P$. The graph $G$ is called $(k,\ell)$-proper…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-06-22 Xueliang Li , Colton Magnant , Meiqin Wei , Xiaoyu Zhu

Colouring the vertices of a graph $G$ according to certain conditions can be considered as a random experiment and a discrete random variable $X$ can be defined as the number of vertices having a particular colour in the proper colouring of…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2017-06-09 N. K. Sudev , S. Satheesh , K. P. Chithra , Johan Kok

We investigate the computational complexity of the following problem. We are given a graph in which each vertex has an initial and a target color. Each pair of adjacent vertices can swap their current colors. Our goal is to perform the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-03-20 Katsuhisa Yamanaka , Takashi Horiyama , J. Mark Keil , David Kirkpatrick , Yota Otachi , Toshiki Saitoh , Ryuhei Uehara , Yushi Uno

Graph burning is a discrete-time process that models the propagation of information in a network. Initially, we have an undirected graph of unburned vertices. At each time step, an unburned vertex is chosen to burn; additionally, unburned…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-17 Dhanyamol Antony , L. Sunil Chandran , Anita Das , Shirish Gosavi , Dalu Jacob , Shashanka Kulamarva

The chromatic polynomial $\pi_{G}(k)$ of a graph $G$ can be viewed as counting the number of vertices in a family of coloring graphs $\mathcal C_k(G)$ associated with (proper) $k$-colorings of $G$ as a function of the number of colors $k$.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-06 Shamil Asgarli , Sara Krehbiel , Howard W. Levinson , Heather M. Russell

A proper edge-coloring of a graph $G$ with colors $1,\ldots,t$ is called an \emph{interval cyclic $t$-coloring} if all colors are used, and the edges incident to each vertex $v\in V(G)$ are colored by $d_{G}(v)$ consecutive colors modulo…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-11-04 Petros A. Petrosyan , Sargis T. Mkhitaryan

A decomposition of a non-empty simple graph $G$ is a pair $[G,P]$, such that $P$ is a set of non-empty induced subgraphs of $G$, and every edge of $G$ belongs to exactly one subgraph in $P$. The chromatic index $\chi'([G,P])$ of a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-29 Clemens Huemer , Dolores Lara , Christian Rubio-Montiel

An assignment of numbers to the vertices of graph G is closed distinguishing if for any two adjacent vertices v and u the sum of labels of the vertices in the closed neighborhood of the vertex v differs from the sum of labels of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-11-11 Ali Dehghan , Mohsen Mollahajiaghaei

Let $f$ be a proper $k$-coloring of a connected graph $G$ and $\Pi=(V_1,V_2,\ldots,V_k)$ be an ordered partition of $V(G)$ into the resulting color classes. For a vertex $v$ of $G$, the color code of $v$ with respect to $\Pi$ is defined to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-08-27 Ali Behtoei , Mahdi Anbarloei

We consider the following extension of the concept of adjacent strong edge colourings of graphs without isolated edges. Two distinct vertices which are at distant at most $r$ in a graph are called $r$-adjacent. The least number of colours…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-03-13 Jakub Przybyło

A (vertex) $\ell$-ranking is a colouring $\varphi:V(G)\to\mathbb{N}$ of the vertices of a graph $G$ with integer colours so that for any path $u_0,\ldots,u_p$ of length at most $\ell$, $\varphi(u_0)\neq\varphi(u_p)$ or…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-08-19 Prosenjit Bose , Vida Dujmović , Mehrnoosh Javarsineh , Pat Morin

We introduce the concept of link-irregular labelings for graphs, extending the notion of link-irregular graphs through edge labeling with positive integers. A labeling is link-irregular if every vertex has a uniquely labeled subgraph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-01 Alexander Bastien , Omid Khormali