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Smart buildings are the need of the day with increasing demand-supply ratios and deficiency to generate considerably. In any modern non-industrial infrastructure, these demands mainly comprise of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs),…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-12-30 Kshitij Singh , Pratik K. Bajaria

Demand flexibility is increasingly important for power grids. Careful coordination of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can modulate energy demand, decrease operating costs, and increase grid resiliency. We propose a novel…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-09 Bingqing Chen , Jonathan Francis , Marco Pritoni , Soummya Kar , Mario Bergés

A significant portion of electricity consumed worldwide is used to power thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) such as air conditioners, refrigerators, and water heaters. Because the short-term timing of operation of such systems is…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2018-03-12 Walter Bomela , Anatoly Zlotnik , Jr-Shin Li

As the penetration of intermittent energy sources grows substantially, loads will be required to play an increasingly important role in compensating the fast time-scale fluctuations in generated power. Recent numerical modeling of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2012-04-13 Soumya Kundu , Nikolai Sinitsyn , Scott Backhaus , Ian Hiskens

A collection of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) -- such as air conditioners and water heaters -- can vary their power consumption within limits to help the balancing authority of a power grid maintain demand supply balance. Doing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-13 Austin Coffman , Ana Bušić , Prabir Barooah

Demand response (DR) programs aim to engage distributed demand-side resources in providing ancillary services for electric power systems. Previously, aggregated thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) have been demonstrated as a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-31 Ali Hassan , Robert Mieth , Deepjyoti Deka , Yury Dvorkin

Demand response (DR) programs aim to engage distributed small-scale flexible loads, such as thermostatically controllable loads (TCLs), to provide various grid support services. Linearly Solvable Markov Decision Process (LS-MDP), a variant…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-22 Ali Hassan , Deepjyoti Deka , Michael Chertkov , Yury Dvorkin

Recently it has been shown that an aggregation of Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCLs) can be utilized to provide fast regulating reserve service for power grids and the behavior of the aggregation can be captured by a stochastic…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2014-04-09 Borhan M. Sanandaji , He Hao , Kameshwar Poolla , Tyrone L. Vincent

Flexible loads, e.g. thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), are technically feasible to participate in demand response (DR) programs. On the other hand, there is a number of challenges that need to be resolved before it can be…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-03-15 Michael Chertkov , Deepjyoti Deka , Yury Dvorkin

The flexible power consumption feature of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) such as heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems makes them attractive targets for demand response (DR). TCLs possess a brief period where…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-26 Praveen Dhanasekar , Cunzhi Zhao , Xingpeng Li

This paper studies the automated control method for regulating air conditioner (AC) loads in incentive-based residential demand response (DR). The critical challenge is that the customer responses to load adjustment are uncertain and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-15 Xin Chen , Yingying Li , Jun Shimada , Na Li

This paper introduces the design of a demand response network control strategy aimed at thermostatically controlled electric heating and cooling systems in buildings. The method relies on the use of programmable communicating thermostats,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2011-12-07 Simon Parkinson , Dan Wang , Curran Crawford , Ned Djilali

This paper presents a multi-agent control architecture and an online optimization method based on dynamic average consensus to coordinate the power consumption of a large population of Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCLs). Our objective…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-30 Mauro Franceschelli , Alessandro Pilloni , Andrea Gasparri

Aggregations of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), such as air conditioners, offer valuable flexibility to the power grid. The aggregate power consumption of a TCL fleet can be controlled by adjusting thermostat setpoints. An…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-29 Mazen Elsaadany , Hamid R. Ossareh , Mads R. Almassalkhi

This study proposes a computationally efficient method for optimizing multi-zone thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) by leveraging dimensionality reduction through an auto-encoder. We develop a multi-task learning framework to jointly…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-02 Xueyuan Cui , Yi Wang , Bolun Xu

This paper focuses on the coordination of a population of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) with unknown parameters to achieve group objectives. The problem involves designing the device bidding and market clearing strategies to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-06-16 Sen Li , Wei Zhang , Jianming Lian , Karanjit Kalsi

The increasing electricity use and reliance on intermittent renewable energy sources challenge power grid management during peak demand, making Demand Response programs and energy conservation measures essential. This research combines…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-12 Vincent Taboga , Hanane Dagdougui

Thermostatically controlled loads such as refrigerators are exceptionally suitable as a flexible demand resource. This paper derives a decentralised load control algorithm for refrigerators. It is adapted from an existing continuous time…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-03 Simon H. Tindemans , Goran Strbac

Thermostatically controlled loads such as refrigerators are exceptionally suitable as a flexible demand resource. This paper derives a decentralised load control algorithm for refrigerators. It is adapted from an existing continuous time…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-08-09 Simon Tindemans , Goran Strbac

This paper presents a convex reformulation of a nonlinear constrained optimization problem for Markov decision processes, and applies the technical findings to optimal control problems for an ensemble of thermostatically controlled loads…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-27 Emilio Benenati , Marcello Colombino , Emiliano Dall'Anese
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